CS 101 Chapter 1 Background Spring 2005 Aaron

CS 101 Chapter 1: Background Spring 2005 Aaron Bloomfield 1

Let’s begin Goal n Teach you how to program effectively Skills and information to be acquired n n Mental model of computer and network behavior Problem solving Object-oriented design Java 2

What is a computer? Not a rhetorical question! “A device that computes… especially a programmable electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information” n From American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4 th Edition 3

So what is a computation? The act or process of computing n Duh! Definition of computing: n n To determine by mathematics, especially by numerical methods: computed the tax due To determine by the use of a computer My revised definition for computing: n The act of taking a problem with specific inputs and determining a specific answer (output) 4

Axiom By definition, a (properly functioning) computer will always produce the same output given the same input 5

The first computers Scales – computed relative weight of two items n Computed if the first item’s weight was less than, equal to, or greater than the second item’s weight Abacus – performed mathematical computations n n Primarily thought of as Chinese, but also Japanese, Mayan, Russian, and Roman versions Can do square roots and cube roots 6

Computer Size ENIAC then… ENIAC today… 7

Computer Organization Memory Output Devices Input Devices Central Processing Unit 8

Computer Organization Computer advertisement specification n n Intel® Pentium 4 Processor at 3. 06 GHz with 512 K cache 512 MB DDR SDRAM 200 GB ATA-100 Hard Drive (7200 RPM, 9. 0 ms seek time) 17” LCD Monitor 64 MB NVIDIA Ge. Force 4 MX Graphics Card® 16 x Max DVD-ROM Drive 48 x/24 x/48 x CD-RW Drive 56 K PCI Telephony Modem Windows XP Home Edition® 10/100 Fast Ethernet Network Card 512 million bytes of 3. 06 Reads memory 17” Computer Can Microprocessor Stores billion on send read DVDs the 200 that or and operations operating diagonal. 16 billion receive can write times for be faster displaying bytes data CDs. up Resolution system to per than at Can of 56 two second data. images athousand using hold basic rates up You 650 to awith DVD – transferred at double 10 drive. million want 64 graphical or the 1, 280 bits million 100 high normal Can per bytes by million hold interface RPM second bytes 1, 024 of rate up and data bytes ofto memory. 8 Reads billion low per seek pixels at bytes More second 48 time. memory times of data A byteseconds is 8 writes bits supports 0. 009 faster and more colors is and 24 times higher average faster resolution than A bit a basic is a 0 drive or a 1 9

A bit of humor: Computer Organization Why I like adding humorous bits into class… 10

Home network 11

Backbones 12

A bit of humor… 13

Network communication Communication protocol n Set of rules that govern how data is sent and received TCP/IP n Exchanging packets of information over the Internet FTP n Exchanging files between computes SMTP n Exchanging email over the Internet POP n Exchanging email between mail reader and the ISP HTTP n Exchanging files over the WWW SSL n How information is to be encrypted 14

First Programming Languages Ada Lovelace (1833) n Programmed of Babbage’s analytical engine ENIAC (1945) n Programmed by plugging wires Binary n 1001010100101010 Assembly FORTRAN (1954) 15

Java’s Direct Lineage C (1972) by Dennis Ritchie C++ (1985) by Bjarne Stroustrup Java (1991) by James Gosling and others at Sun Microsystems 16

Computing units of measure A bit is either a 1 or a 0 n On or off, true or false, etc. A byte is 8 bits: n n n 01001010 As there are 8 bits per byte, each byte can hold 28=256 values 01001010 = 74 All computing measurements are in terms of bytes 18

Computing units of measure Kilo (K) = 1, 000 (thousand) Mega (M) = 1, 000 (million) Giga (G) = 1, 000, 000 (billion) Tera (T) = 1, 000, 000 (trillion) Kilo = 210 = 1, 024 = Kibi (Ki) Mega = (1024)2 = 1, 048, 576 = Mebi (Mi) Giga = (1024)3 = 1, 073, 741, 824 = Gibi (Gi) Tera = (1024)4 = 1, 099, 511, 627, 776 = Tebi (Ti) 19

Computing units of measure An unformatted text document (such as a Java program) n 3 pages per kilobyte (1, 000 bytes) A formatted document (such as a Word file) n About 5 k per page with formatting A digital camera picture n About 1 Mb each (1, 000 bytes) An MP 3 music file n 5 Mb for a 5 minute song A music file on a CD n 50 Mb for a 5 minute song n 10 times the size of an MP 3! A movie clip n About 10 Mb per minute of (TV-sized) video 20

A marketing trick This hard drive has 250, 059, 350, 016 bytes n n = 250. 06 Gigabytes = 232. 89 Gibibytes Guess which one they use to advertise the drive? 21

Software Program n Sequence of instruction that tells a computer what to do Execution n Performing the instruction sequence Programming language n Language for writing instructions to a computer Major flavors n n n Machine language or object code Assembly language High-level Detailed Program knowledge to which of computer the machine respond is not Java Symbolic is acan high-level language For program to be directly. required. Eachmachine Uses instruction a for programming coding executed itcode must be is a vocabulary binary and that language instructions translated structure corresponds closer to to athe 22 problem native being instruction solved

Translation Translator n Accepts a program written in a source language and translates it to a program in a target language Compiler n Standard name for a translator whose source language is a high-level language Interpreter n A translator that both translates and executes a source program 23

Java translation Two-step process First step n Translation from Java to bytecode Bytecodes are architecturally neutral object code Bytecodes are stored in a file with extension. class Second step n An interpreter translates the bytecodes into machine instructions and executes them Interpreter is known a Java Virtual Machine or JVM 24

Programming Task Display the forecast I think there is a world market for maybe five computers. Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943. 25

Display. Forecast. java // Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson // Purpose: display a quotation in a console window public class Display. Forecast { // method main(): application entry point public static void main(String[] args) { System. out. print("I think there is a world market for"); System. out. println(" maybe five computers. "); System. out. println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943. "); } } Anmethod Three A application statements is a named program make piece is uprequired the of code action to that have of performs method a main()action some public static void or implements method named a behavior main(). Method main() is part of class Display. Forecast 26

Sample output 27

Java Documentation Familiarize yourself documentation n with the Java It will save you lots of time! A link to it is on the website n We will go over it in a future lab as well 28

Good Commenting Necessary so others can re-use your code n And so the graders can understand it! A well commented program: // Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson // Purpose: display a quotation in a console window public class Display. Forecast { // method main(): application entry point public static void main(String[] args) { System. out. print("I think there is a world market for"); System. out. println(" maybe five computers. "); System. out. println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943. "); } } 29

Bad commenting // // Thomas J. Watson (February 17, 1874 - June 19, 1956) is considered to be the founder of IBM. He was one of the richest men of his time and called the world's greatest salesman when he died. // // // // While at NCR, he was convicted for illegal anticompetitive sales practices (e. g. he used to have people sell deliberately faulty cash registers, either second-hand NCR or from competitors; soon after the second-hand NCR or competitors cash register failed, an NCR salesperson would arrive to sell them a brand new NCR cash register). He was sentenced, along with John H. Patterson (the owner of NCR), to one year of imprisonment. Their conviction was unpopular with the public, due to the efforts of Patterson and Watson to help those affected by the 1913 Dayton, Ohio floods, but efforts to have them pardoned by President Woodrow Wilson were unsuccessful. However, the Court of Appeals overturned the conviction on appeal in 1915, on the grounds that important defense evidence should have been admitted. // // // Watson was born in Campbell, New York. His formal education consisted of only a course in the Elmira School of Commerce. His first job was at age 18 as a bookkeeper in Clarence Risley's Market in Painted Post, New York. Later he sold sewing machines and musical instruments before joining the National Cash Register Company as a salesman in Buffalo. He eventually worked his way up to general sales manager. Bent on inspiring the dispirited NCR sales force, Watson introduced the motto, "THINK, " which later became a widely known symbol of IBM. // // // Although he is well known for his alleged 1943 statement: public class Display. Forecast { "I think there is a world market for maybe five computers" there is no evidence he ever made it. The author Kevin // method main(): application entry point Maney tried to find the origin of the quote. He has been public static void main(String[] args) { unable to locate any speeches or documents of Watson's System. out. print("I think there is a world market for that contain this, nor is it present in any contemporary System. out. println(" maybe five computers. "); articles about IBM. The earliest known citation is from System. out. println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943. "); System. out. println(" 1986 on Usenet in the signature of a poster from Convex } Computer Corporation as "I think there is a world market } for about five computers" --Remark attributed to Thomas 30 J. Watson (Chairman of the Board of International

More bad commenting From the context-switching code of Unix V 6 (file: slp. c) /* * If the new process paused because it was * swapped out, set the stack level to the last call * to savu(u_ssav). This means that the return * which is executed immediately after the call to aretu * actually returns from the last routine which did * the savu. * * You are not expected to understand this. */ if(rp->p_flag&SSWAP) { rp->p_flag =& ~SSWAP; aretu(u. u_ssav); } Source: http: //www. tuhs. org/Archive/PDP-11/Trees/V 6/usr/sys/ken/slp. c 31

Java and the Internet 32

Engineering software Complexity of software grows as attempts are made to make it easier to use n Rise of wizards 33

Software engineering Goal n Production of software that is effective and reliable, understandable, cost effective, understandable, effective, adaptable, and reusable Makesto Work Because Cost Design correctly sense software develop of thedue and long so and tonot that lifetime the maintain fail new great many features costs should people involved and notwill capabilities exceed to behave involved expected flexible can be benefit added components n Creation that can be used in other software n n n Debugging Maintenance Enhancement Two-thirds of the cost is typically beyond creation 34

Principles of software engineering Abstraction Encapsulation Construct Determine Ranking Separateor acomponents the system ordering relevant from of properties into external objects and features and components and internal while ignoring aspects packages nonessential details Modularity Hierarchy 35

A bit of humor: 1989 Computer Advertisement Guess the price! 36

Object-oriented design Purpose n Promote thinking about software in a way that models the way we think and interact with the physical word Including specialization Object n n Properties or attributes Behaviors 37

Programming Class n Term for a type of software object Object n An instance of a class with specific properties and attributes 38

Programming Problem solving through the use of a computer system Maxim n You cannot make a computer do something if you do not know how to do it yourself 39

Problem Solving Why do you care? n We are all assigned tasks to do At work At home At school Why not do them n n Right Efficiently 40

Problem Solving Why care about computer-based problem solving (i. e. , programming)? n n n Neat Frontier of science Profitable Necessary Quality of life 41

Problem Solving Solutions Accept Remember n Oftenprocess The goal require is not isboth iterative a clever concrete solution and abstract but a correct thinking solution In solving the problem increased understanding might Teamwork require restarting 42

Problem Solving Process What is it? n n Analysis Design Implementation Testing Describe the components and associated processes for solving the problem Determine the inputs, and other components the Develop solutions for outputs, the components and use those of components Test the components individually and collectively problem to produce an overalland solution Straightforward flexible Description should beflexible sufficiently specific to allow you to solve Method – process Straightforward and the problem Object – component and associated methods 43

Problem Solving Process 44

Tips Find out as much as you can Reuse what has been done before Expect future reuse Break complex problems into subproblems 45

Tips Find out as much as you can Reuse what has been done before Expect future reuse Break complex problems into subproblems Consider Research can is require and generate questions Find out what knownsignificant about thetime problem Sketching apresenter solution andbecause then repeatedly its components The worthwhile the resultrefine is a better Talk effort to theis until the entire process is specified understanding Determine what attempts have succeeded and what attempts True of the problem makes it easier to solve have understanding failed 46

Tips Find out as much as you can Reuse what has been done before Expect future reuse Break complex problems into subproblems Your Be open timetoisindirect valuable use of existing materials Correctness is probably even more valuable Use existing infrastructure that is known to work 47

Tips Find out as much as you can Reuse what has been done before Expect future reuse Break complex problems into subproblems Make as few assumptions as necessary Maximizes the likelihood that your effort can be used in future situations 48

Tips Find out as much as you can Reuse what has been done before Expect future reuse Break complex problems into subproblems Divide-and-conquer Solve subproblems and combine into an overall solution 49

Tips Read n Problem solving texts George Polya, How to Solve It; A New Aspect of Mathematical Method, Princeton Press, 1988 Wayne Wickelgren, How to Solve Mathematical Problems, Dover Publications, 1995 Paul Zeitz, The Art and Craft of Problem Solving, John Wiley, 1999 n Sociological examination of different problem solving styles Sherry Turkle and Seymour Papert, Epistemological Pluralism: Styles and Voices Within the Computer Culture, Signs: A Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 1990 50

Motivational posters… 51