CRUDE DRUGS ADULTERATION PEPARED BY TAHMINA AFROZ LECTURER
CRUDE DRUGS ADULTERATION PEPARED BY: TAHMINA AFROZ LECTURER DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
DEFINITION OF ADULTERATION: Adulteration is an illegal act of altering the original quality and properties of an article in order to cheat or defraud others. or Any change in an article that lowers its standard , quality or composition, irrespective of causes , is regarded as adulteration. or Adulteration is a practice of substituting original crude drug partially or whole with other similar looking substances but the latter is either free from or inferior in chemical and therapeutic properties.
CLASSIFICATION OF ADULTERATION Crude drugs are adulterated by a number of illegal acts. These are roughly divided into two groups 1. Indeliberate adulteration/accidental adulteration: when the act of adulteration takes place due to various unintentional reasons 2. Deliberate adulteration (Intentional): when adulteration is done intentionally to cheat others. It is done mainly for enhancement of profit.
TYPES OF ADULTERATION There are six types of adulteration: • Deterioration • Admixture • Inferiority • Spoilage • Sophistication • Substitution
Deterioration: A deteriorated drug is one in which the active constituents have been partially destroyed by over aging, moisture , heat , fungi , and insects or by other means. Examples are hardened powdered squill , over roasted coffee beans , etc. Incase of deliberate deterioration of crude drugs is done by partially abstracting their active principle using processes like distillation and solvent extraction. ex. Spent Clove is a typical example of deliberate deterioration. in this case a portion of volatile oil is removed by distillation and can be sold as a genuine sample. Admixture: Admixture is the addition of one article to another through accident, ignorance or carelessness. Ex: Senna leaves containing an excess amount of senna stems would be an admixed drug.
Inferiority: Inferrior drug is a substandard drug , which contains less quantity of active principle. Ex: If the leaves of any Datura stramonium sample contains less than 0. 25 percent of total alkaloids, they constitute an inferior Stramonium drug , which is regarded as an adulterated one. Spoilage: Spoilage is a substandard condition produced by microbial or other pest infestation, which makes a product unfit for consumption, which can be avoided by careful attention to the drying, and storage conditions.
Sophistication: Sophistication is the deliberate addition of inferior material with intent to defraud; such materials are carefully produced and may appear at first sight to be genuine e. g. powder ginger may be diluted with starch with addition of little coloring material to give the correct shade of yellow colour. Substitution: Substitution is the addition of an entirely different article in place of that which is required e. g. supply of cheap cottonseed oil in place of olive oil. artificial invert sugar for honey; paraffin wax after yellow coloration substituted for bees wax.
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