Crosstask Prediction of Working Memory Performance Working Memory

Cross-task Prediction of Working Memory Performance: Working Memory Capacity as Source Activation Larry Z. Daily, Marsha C. Lovett, and Lynne M. Reder Carnegie Mellon University Thanks to Scott Filipino for assistance in collecting the data. This work supported grant F 49620 -97 -1 -0455 from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research and grant N 00014 -95 -1 -0223 from the Office of Naval Research.

Working Memory in ACT-R • Provides the resources needed to retrieve and maintain information during cognitive processing (Baddeley, 1986) • Working memory capacity is limited – W is limited (Anderson, Reder, & Lebiere, 1996) • Working memory limits vary across individuals – W varies over individuals (Lovett, Reder, & Lebiere, 1999)

Prior Work: The MODS Task • MOdified Digit Span • Read strings of digits and numbers aloud • Remember the numbers • Memory set size varied from 3 to 6

MODS Task Aggregate Results

MODS Task Individual Accuracy

MODS Task Individual Serial Position

CAM Inductive Reasoning Subtest

Cross-task Correlations • Estimates of W strongly correlated with scores on CAM inductive reasoning subtest – r = 0. 50 r 2 =. 25 • Correlations are a weak test of W’s predictive ability • No model of the CAM

New Work: The n-back task • Subjects view a long sequence of letters • For each, indicate whether it is a target or non-target • Targets defined by condition – 0 -back - target is a letter given at the start – 1 -back - letter is a target if it matches the previous letter – 2 -back - letter is a target if it matches the letter before the previous one – 3 -back - letter is a target if it matches the letter 3 before the current one

N-back Strategies • Familiarity-based – Subjects use familiarity to decide whether an item is a target – Doesn’t depend on W • Update – Subjects actively try to maintain a list of prior items – Does depend on W – We model this

The n-back Model • Encodes the item currently in vision – Memory chunk encodes item and position • Attempts to match the item to a stored memory – Looks for a memory chunk with a position that matches the n-back condition and the correct item – Sets a flag to indicate match or not

The n-back Model • Responds – Target or non-target based on flag • Updates memory chunks – Changes the position of each chunk up through the current n-back condition – If this process fails, several responses required to get back on track

Aggregate Results

Individual Results: MODS Task

Individual Results: MODS Task

Individual Results: N-back Task

Individual Results: N-back Task

Conclusions • Varying W captures differences in individuals’ working memory performance. • W can be used to predict performance across tasks. • W is a workable measure of working memory capacity. • ACT-R can be fruitfully applied to the study of individual differences.