CROP HEARTHS Agriculture originated in multiple hearths around

CROP HEARTHS * Agriculture originated in multiple hearths around the world * Certain crops are “native” to certain areas of the world * Because of colonization of the New World, many new crops/animals were introduced in both the Old and New Worlds • Relocation diffusion • Columbian Exchange (new to old world) • Europe and Africa to North / South America • Old World Exchange (old to new world) • North / South America back to Europe and Africa

Probable culture-hearths of agriculture

The Fertile Crescent – Where the planned cultivation of seed crops began. - because of seed selection, plants got bigger over time - generated a surplus of wheat and barley - first integration of plant growing and animal raising * used crops to feed livestock, used livestock to help grow crops

NEW WORLD AGRICULTURAL HEARTHS

AGRICULTURAL ORIGINS-THE 1 ST AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION * 1 st domestication of plants was in SE Asia - root crops-taro, yams & bananas 14, 000 yrs ago * Southwest Asia domesticated cereal crops - wheat, barley & oats-10, 000 yrs ago * Meso America- maize (corn), squash & beans * Africa-millet, sorghum, watermelons

THE 1 ST AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION-ANIMAL DOMESTICATION Animals such as goats, pigs and sheep were domesticated about 8, 000 yrs ago. Domesticated animals in captivity are very different from their wild counterparts. In SE Asia pigs, water buffalo, chickens, ducks, and geese were domesticated.

In South Asia- cattle and elephantsbut never bred in captivity In SW Asia- goats, sheep, and camel In Central Asia- yak, horse, goats, sheep and reindeer In Meso-America and South Americallama, alpaca, pig, and turkey In Africa- guinea fowl-only became herders after cattle were brought in from SW Asia Total- only about 40 species were domesticated

Animal Domestication – - Relatively few animals have been domesticated - Attempts at domestication continue, but most fail

1. RELOCATION DIFFUSION Corn (Maize) 2. Coffee 3. Rice 4. Wheat 5. Potato 6. Tomato 7. Tobacco 8. Peanuts 9. Citrus 10. Olives 11. Tea 12. Chili Pepper 13. Cacao (chocolate) 14. Horses 15. Cattle 16. Hogs 17. Chickens 18. Goat 19. Sheep 20. Turkeys 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Central America, Columbian Exchange East Africa, Old to New S and SE Asia, Old to New SW Asia, Old to New S. America, Columbian Exchange S and N America, Columbian Exchange S and SE Asia, Old to New Mediterranean, Old to New S and SE Asia, Old to New Central America, Columbian Exchange SW Asia, Old to New W Africa, S and SE Asia, Old to New SW Asia, Mediterranean, Old to New SW Asia, Old to New Central America, Columbian Exchange