CRISPR CAS 9 By Reece Theakston Clustered Regularly

CRISPR CAS 9 By Reece Theakston

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats First discovered off the coast of Spain by Francisco Mojica BACKGROUND

HIV-BACKGROUND About 35 million people have died of HIV. Globally, 36. 7 million people were living with HIV. About 1. 8 million will contract HIV this year. 20. 9 million people were accessing antiretroviral therapy in June 2017

HIV-1 LATENT PROVIRUS Scientists in China have successfully used CRISPR to express latent HIV provirus Latency-the state of existing but not yet being developed or manifest; concealment.

CANCER BACKGROUND Mutation in a cell which cause it to rapidly divide and not die. Each year 12. 7 million people discover they have cancer. 7. 6 million people die from the disease each year.

HOW CRISPR HELPS WITH CANCER Scientists are using CRISPR to treat cancer by taking advantage CRISPR’s ability target specific locations and to edit the RNAs affecting cancer growth and reproduction.

MALARIA BACKGROUND A disease caused by a plasmodium parasite, transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes. In 2016, there were an estimated 216 million cases of malaria About 445 000 deaths from malaria each year

Scientists at John Hopkins used CRISPR to target the gene called FREP 1 This gene encodes for a specific immune protein that allows the malaria parasite to survive in the mosquitos gut Resulting in the suppression of the protein MALARIA RESISTANT MOSQUITOS

More efficient fuel More resistant crops Synthetic materials Epigenetic variations Animal models to better understand diseases Drug development resulting in cheaper pharmaceuticals Gene surgery OTHER APPLICATIONS

CONS Ethical issues and patents Early terminations when dealing with embryos Unwanted changes (genetically & ecologically)

Advancement in CRISPR technology An increase in CRISPR application FUTURE DIRECTION

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