Crisis and Absolutism in Europe Chapter 14 Europe

Crisis and Absolutism in Europe Chapter 14

Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion 14. 1

The French Wars of Religion § Calvinism verses Catholicism – Main cause of Europe’s religious wars

§ French Wars of Religion – French Civil War – Huguenots § Protestants (Calvinists) § Small % of population – mostly nobles – Catholic § Monarchy and most of the population – Ultra-Catholics – Henry of Navarre – leader of the Huguenots § Henry the IV § Converted § Edict of Nantes

Philip II and Militant Catholicism § Philip II of Spain – Strict adherence to Catholicism § Tried to crush Calvinism – Bankrupted country – Power shifted to England

The England of Elizabeth § Resolved religious conflicts – Moderate Protestantism § Moderate in foreign affairs – Tried to balance power between Spain and England – Philip wanted to return England to Protestant – Spanish Armada

Social Crises, War and Revolution 14. 2

Economic and Social Crises § § § Inflation Economic slow down Decline in population – Warfare, plague and famine

The Witchcraft Trials § Belief in witchcraft not new § More than 100, 000 people were charged – More than 75% were women – Accused were tortured and usually confessed § Lessened by 1650

The Thirty Years’ War § Last of the religious wars § Holy Roman Emperors and Protestant nobles § All major European countries besides England § Struggle over European leadership – France verses Spain and Holy Roman Empire – Destroyed Germany

RESULTS § § § France won German states could choose religion Holy Roman Empire died Most destructive European war Flintlock Muskets Standing armies

Revolutions in England § Elizabeth I to James I to Charles I – Divine right of kings verses Parliament – Puritans § Many left for America § Civil War – Cavaliers verses Roundheads – Oliver Cromwell § Purged Parliament and executed Charles I § Monarchy to Commonwealth

§ James II – Catholic – Glorious Revolution § William and Mary § Constitutional monarchy § Toleration Act of 1689

Response to Crisis: Absolutism 14. 3

France under Louis XIV § § § Absolutism Versailles Anti-Huguenot Wanted to dominate Europe Died full of debt and with many enemies

Russia under Peter the Great § Ivan the Terrible § Time of Troubles § Romanov dynasty – Czar Peter the Great – Europeanize Russia

The World of European Culture 14. 4

Mannerism § § § Replaced Renaissance No more balance, harmony, or proportion Elongated figures, suffering, emotion, religious ecstasy

The Baroque Period § Replaced Mannerism § Combine Renaissance ideals with spiritual feelings – Arouse emotions – Search for power

A Golden Age of Literature § Literature flourished in England Spain § Elizabethan theater – William Shakespeare § Spain – Don Quixote

Political Thought § Order and Power § John Locke – natural rights – Mutual obligations between people and government – American and French revolutions