Crisis and Absolutism in Europe 1550 1715 Monarchy

Crisis and Absolutism in Europe 1550 -1715

Monarchy n. A system of governing through heredity leadership, headed by a king/queen or both.

Absolutism

What is Absolutism? n Absolutism is a system in which a ruler holds total power. n Tied to the idea of the divine right of kings – Rulers received their power from God and were only to answer to God

Scope of Power for Absolutists Rulers could: 1. Make laws 2. Levy taxes 3. Administer justice 4. Control officials 5. Determine foreign policy

Europe’s Monarchies

Machiavelli’s Perfect Prince? n Machiavelli believed that a ruler must be stern, and feared over loved. n Rulers must always act in the best interest of the nation, not only morally. n Rulers must not fear becoming unpopular if the actions are justified.

Extending Spanish Power Section 1

Charles V & the Hapsburgs n Spain was the first modern European nation n 1519, Charles V became king of Spain & Hapsburg Empire (Germany & Netherlands)

Charles V’s Rule n Faced many difficulties in ruling 2 empires at the same time n Retired as king in 1556, Divided the empire into separate kingdoms with different rulers

Philip II n Ruled Spain for 42 years, n Devoted to running the government n Made himself and ABSOLUTE monarch – He had total and complete control over all aspects of running the nation

Philip II & Divine Right n He believed he ruled by DIVINE RIGHT God gave him the authority to be king n Focused on Religion: – Used the Inquisition to ensure Protestants were punished and Catholicism was enforced – Known as “most Catholic king” EVER

The Wars of Philip II n Fighting in the Netherlands over Protestant vs Catholic faiths n Attempted to invade England to punish Elizabeth I for problems caused in the Americas

Philip II’s Invasion of England n Philip II sent the powerful Spanish Armada (fleet of ships) to attack n A combination of weather and better English ships caused the Spanish fleet to be mostly destroyed

Philip II’s Problems and Legacy n Philip spent Spain’s treasury on colonial expansion, his palaces, spreading Catholicism but NOT on military. n Spanish power around the world began to lessen as a result.

Spain’s Golden Age n 1550 -1650 is called the Golden Age because of the support of art & literature – Painters: El Greco, Diego Velazquez – Writers: Miguel de Cervantes (Don Quixote)

Spain’s Economic Decline n No strong leaders after Philip II n Wars were expensive n Taxes and inflation were high n Skilled Jewish and Muslim artisans were forced out of Spain

The Kingdom of France Section 2

French wars of religion

The Valois Family: The Beginning of the End v Henri II was the last powerful Valois v Three weak sons followed: § § § Francis II Charles IX Henri III

A Mothers Role? n Catherine de Medici controlled the sons: – Was mother to the boys – Played both sides in the civil war – Developed a reputation for cruelty

Catherine de Medici

The French Civil War v There were two sides: § § § Guise family led Catholics in North Bourbon family led Huguenots in South Fighting for the royal inheritance v Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase.

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre n St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre – August 24, 1572 – 20, 000 Huguenots were killed – Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived

The French Civil War v Catherine started supporting the Bourbons (Catholic League). Catholic League CIVIL WAR Protestant Union v Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France.

Effects of Civil War: 1. France was left divided by religion 2. Royal power had weakened 3. Valois family now replaced by Bourbons

Henry IV Rebuilds France v Religious tensions caused much violence v Henry IV attempted to please Protestants (Huguenots) and Catholics v Henry IV was a Huguenot but converted to Catholicism to appease majority v Issued the Edict of Nantes protected Protestant communities

Henry IV’s Government Changes n Improved justice system n Building projects roads, bridges, etc. n Reduced involvement of nobles in government – Henry IV is assassinated

Louis XIII n Takes the thrown just before his 9 th birthday, son of Henry IV n His mother Marie mismanaged the empire on his behalf causing him to take over as a child.

Cardinal Richelieu n Unofficially ran the French government from 1624 -1642 for Louis XIII n Suppressed power of Huguenots and nobles by destroying their armies and castles n Gave nobles official positions to keep them loyal to the king

Louis XIV, The Sun King n Became king at age 5 (son of Louis XIII who took throne when his father died in 1643) n Used the sun as a symbol of his absolute power n Louis was supposed to appoint a regent to rule, but shocked everyone and rule alone.

Louis XIV’s Ruling Strategy n Louis XIV used the middle class to give important jobs (so they stayed loyal) – Collected taxes, built the army, etc. – French army became strongest in Europe

Louis XIV & Estates General n Estates General (French Parliament) – Never met and did not have a role in government – This makes the Estates General useless, just for show

French Economy n Increased farmland mining industries n Encouraged trade of luxury items n Taxed imported goods to take care of French craftsmen n Emphasis on trade with colonies overseas

Result? n France became the richest European country n Louis XIV often needed more money to pay for extravagant lifestyle.

Versailles Palace n Massive Versailles palace was a symbol of Louis’s power and riches

L’ouis XIV

Versailles Statistics n n n f n n n 2, 000 acres of grounds 12 miles of roads 27 miles of trellises 200, 000 trees 210, 000 flowers planted every year 80 miles of rows of trees 55 acres surface area of the Grand Canal 12 miles of enclosing walls 50 fountains and 620 fountain nozzles 21 miles of water conduits n n n 3, 600 cubic meters per hour: water consumed 26 acres of roof 51, 210 square meters of floors 2, 153 windows 700 rooms 67 staircases 6, 000 paintings 1, 500 drawings and 15, 000 engravings 2, 100 sculptures 5, 000 items of furniture and objects d'art 150 varieties of apple and peach trees in the Vegetable Garden

Louis XIII’s Old Chateau

Versailles Today

Palais de Versailles

Versailles Palace, Park Side

Garden View of Versailles

Chateau de Versailles

Chateau de Versailles Gardens

The Orangery

Hall of Mirrors

The King’s Bed The Queen’s Bed

Louis XIV’s Chapel

Louis XIV’s Chapel Altarpiece

Organ in Louis XIV’s Chapel

Louis XIV’s Opera Stage

Cabinet with Views of Versailles, 19 c

Louis XIV Furniture

Louis’s Power n High ranking nobles were given prestigious jobs serving the king at Versailles n This kept the nobles under the king’s watch and limited any threat of them gaining power n Arts were encourage (plays, art, music, dance, etc. )

Louis’s Reign n Ruled as king for 72 years n Monarchy defined by grossly overspending on court life

French Failures n Costly wars led other European countries to create alliances against France n Religious persecution against Protestant Huguenots—also hurt the economy as they were a majority of the middle class who paid taxes

French social class structure 1 st Estate 2 nd Estate 3 rd Estate

The Thirty Years War (1618 -1648)

1618 -1648

Characteristics of the Thirty Years War v The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. v At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants. v At the end it was Habsburg power that was threatened. v Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

The Peace of Westphalia (1648) v Political Provisions: Each German prince became free from any kind of control by the Holy Roman Emperor. § The United Provinces [Dutch Neths. ] became officially independent southern part remained a Spanish possession. § France received most of the German-speaking province of Alsace *This will cause problems later! §

Provisions Continued – Sweden got lands in No. Ger. on the Baltic & Black Sea coasts; won a voice in the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire; Brandenburg got important territories on North Sea & in central Germany. – Switzerland became totally independent of the Holy Roman Emperor Swiss Confederation.

The Peace of Westphalia (1648) v Religious Provisions: Calvinists would have the same privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg. § The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he must permit freedom of private worship. §

1688 -1700

Nobody Was Happy! v Many Protestants felt betrayed. v The pope denounced it. v Only merit it ended the fighting in a war that became intolerable! v For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe.

Triumph of Parliament in England

Queen Elizabeth I n Takes reigns in 1558 after death of Mary (Bloody Mary) n Dubbed “The Virgin Queen” because she refused to marry

Problems Elizabeth Inherited n The country was at war with France, drain on the royal treasury n Tension between Protestants & Catholics. Act of Supremacy & Act of Uniformity settled this n Famous for avoiding war by stirring trouble with enemies

Challenges to Power n She thwarted an invasion attempt by King Philip II of Spain’s armada n She eliminated a challenge to her power by her cousin Mary Queen of Scots – executed her

Problems in the Kingdom n country suffered from failed crops, unemployment and inflation. n riots over food shortages and rebellions in Ireland. n One of her suitors betrayed her by leading a rebellion

The End of the Tudors n Elizabeth I died on March 24, 1603 n Her death marked the end of the Tudor monarchy in England n Son of her biggest rival, Mary Stuart’s ascended to the throne as James I.

James I [r. 1603 -1625] § Wanted absolute power. § He quickly alienated a Parliament grown accustomed under the Tudors to act on the premise that monarch and Parliament TOGETHER ruled England as a “balance polity. ”

James I [r. 1603 -1625] § He alienated the Puritans by his strong defense of the Anglican Church. § Many of England’s gentry [mostly rich landowners below the level of the nobility] became Puritans. § These Puritan gentry formed an important and large part of the House of Commons. § It was NOT WISE to alienate them!

James I [r. 1603 -1625] § Problems he faced: 1. Large royal debt. 2. He wasn’t English he didn’t understand English customs [esp. English law!] 3. Believed in Divine Right of Kings. 4. Pro-Catholic sympathies. 5. Clashed with Parliament § He raised money without Parliament’s consent!

Gunpowder Plot, 1605 Guy Fawkes § An attempt by some provincial Catholics to kill King James I and most of the Protestant aristocracy. § Blow up the House of Lords during the state opening of Parliament. § Failed!

Charles I [r. 1625 -1649] § 2 nd son of James I § Pro-ceremonies and rituals. § Uniformity of church services imposed by a church court. § Anglican Book of Common Prayer for both England AND Scotland. § Seen as too pro-Catholic by the Puritans.

Charles I & Parliament § Constantly at war with Spain and France. § Always need £, but how to get it? ? § Usually Parliament would give Charles £ from taxes to fund his wars. § Periodically, Parliament would deny funds. § In return, Charles would dissolve Parliament and try to rule England without it find funds in other ways. § Forced “loans, ” selling aristocratic titles, etc.

Ship Money Assessments, 1636 [per square mile] § A medieval tax for coastal cities for defense. § Charles applied them to inland counties as well. § This got him around the need to call Parliament into session.

The Petition of Rights, 1628 § In return for money to fund his wars, Charles I agreed: § No imprisonment without due cause. § No taxation without Parliament’s consent. Sound familiar at all? § No putting soldiers in private homes. § No martial law during peacetime. § Charles signed it, and then ignored it, dissolving Parliament!

The Civil War (1642 -1649)

Civil War (1642 -1649) Royalists (Cavaliers) Parliamentarians (Roundheads) § House of Lords § House of Commons § N & W England § S & E England § Aristocracy § Puritans § Large landowners § Merchants § Church officials § Townspeople § More rural § More urban

Oliver Cromwell [1599 -1658] † Officer of the Parliamentary army [cavalry] the New Model Army. † Led the army that defeated royal forces and now controlled the government.

The Battle of Naseby [re-enactment], 1645 a Charles I is defeated at Marston Moor, Naseby, and Preston. a He is handed over to Parliament.

Pride’s Purge, 1648 Cromwell purges the House of Commons of moderates [anyone who isn’t anti-monarchy]. n The results is the “Rump” Parliament. n

Regicide Beheading of Charles I, 1649 n The vote by the Rump Parliament was 68 -67.

The Puritan Commonwealth [1649 -1653] n n n Cromwell rules with the Rump Parliament. Constitutional Republic Created a constitution Instrument of Government No monarch. Europe is appalled other nations don’t recognize it. Cromwell Dissolves the “Rump” Parliament in 1653

The Protectorate [1653 -1660] n n n Cromwell tears up the ineffective Constitution. Dismisses the Rump Parliament and rules with the support of the military. Declares martial law; Military dictator. Religious tolerance for all [esp. for Jews], except for Catholics. Crushes a rebellion in Scotland. Crushes a rebellion among the Catholics of Ireland kills 40% of all ethnic Irish!

King Charles II [r. 1660 -1685 n n n Had charm, poise, & political skills [unlike his father!]. Restored theaters and reopened the pubs and brothels closed during the Restoration. Favored religious toleration. Had secret Catholic sympathies. Realized that he could not repeat the mistakes his father had made.

King Charles II [r. 1660 -1685 n n 1661 “Cavalier” Parliament [filled with Royalists] Disbanded the Puritan army. Pardoned most Puritan rebels. Restored the authority of the Church of England.

King Charles II [r. 1660 -1685 1662 Clarendon Code [Act of Uniformity] n All clergy & church officials had to conform to the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. n It forbade “non-conformists” to worship publicly, teach their faith, or attend English universities. n

King Charles II [r. 1660 -1685 1673 Test Act n Parliament excluded all but Anglicans from civilian and military positions. [to the Anglican gentry, the Puritans were considered “radicals” and the Catholics were seen as “traitors!”] n

King Charles II [r. 1660 -1685 1679 Habeas Corpus Act n Any unjustly imprisoned persons could obtain a writ of habeas corpus compelling the govt. to explain why he had lost his liberty. n

King James II [r. 1685 -1688] Was a bigoted convert to Catholicism without any of Charles II’s shrewdness or ability to compromise. n Alienated even the Tories. n Provoked the revolution that Charles II had succeeded in avoiding! n

King James II [r. 1685 -1688] Introduced Catholics into the High Command of both the army and navy. n Camped a standing army a few miles outside of London. n Surrounded himself with Catholic advisors & attacked Anglican control of the universities. n

King James II [r. 1685 -1688] Claimed the power to suspend or dispense with Acts of Parliament. n 1687 Declaration of Liberty of Conscience n He extended religious toleration without Parliament’s approval or support. n

The “Glorious” Revolution: 1688] Whig & Tory leaders offered the throne jointly to James II’s daughter Mary [raised a Protestant] & her husband, William of Orange. n He was a vigorous enemy of Louis XIV. n He was seen as a champion of the Protestant cause. n

English Bill of Rights [1689] It settled all of the major issues between King & Parliament. n It served as a model for the U. S. Bill of Rights. n It also formed a base for the steady expansion of civil liberties in the 18 c and early 19 c in England. n

English Bill of Rights [1689] Main provisions: 1. The King could not suspend the operation of laws. 2. The King could not interfere with justice. 3. No taxes or army maintained in peacetime without Parliament’s consent. 4. Freedom of speech in Parliament. 5. Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently.

English Bill of Rights [1689] Main provisions( Continued): 6. Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and freedom from excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment. 7. The monarch must be a Protestant. 8. Freedom from arbitrary arrest. 9. Censorship of the press was dropped. 10. Religious toleration.

Rise of Austria & Prussia

Hapsburg Austria n Expanded Hapsburg Empire from Austria to include Bohemia, Hungary, Poland & Northern Italy n Empire was diverse– many cultures, languages, laws were different to unite, official religion=Catholic

Maria Theresa Ruled the Empire despite difficulty in getting people to recognize that she was the ruler (because she was a woman) n Made government more efficient, lowered taxes for the poor, had support of the common people n

Problems in Austria n n n Never became highly centralized or absolutist Too large of an empire Ruler had a different title depending on where he was No common patriotism to link the empire Each area had its own laws and political life

The Rise of Prussia n Emerges as a Protestant power in 1600 s in northern Germany n Strong Central government and very well trained military n Under Frederick the Great, Prussia added new lands from Austria

Frederick William the Great Elector Ruling Strategies: n Maintained the 4 th largest standing army in Europe (40, 000 men) n General War Commissariat raised taxes to fund army and oversee expansion n Junkers (aristocracy) ran the bureaucracy

Absolute Monarchy in Russia

Peter the Great Russia czar /tsar (emperor) from 1689 -1725 n Interested in the advanced nations in Western Europe: n – Began Russian policy of Westernization—adopting western ideas, technology, and culture. – Not all Russians accepted this change, Peter had to force reforms

Peter the Autocrat n n n Sought control of all aspects of Russia under his own control (military, church, government) Forced landowning nobles (boyars) to serve in government or military jobs Forced serfdom –peasants (called serfs) tied to land belonging to nobles could never leave land Forced nobles to dress in Western styles Brutally punished those who resisted

Peter the Reformer n n Imported western technology Improved education system by establishing schools Improved waterways/canals, manufacturing and trade Ended separation of men and women by encouraging fancy parties

Expansion Under Peter n n n Created the largest army in Europe Wanted a warm-water port to have access to waterways/trade in the winter Defeated Sweden in 1709, gained new lands Built city of St. Petersburg– modern, European city built by serfs Expanded across Siberia all the way to the Pacific Ocean—became largest country in the world.

Peter’s Legacy n n n Russia is now more involved in European matters Expanded land, built strong army Used terror to rule, increase gap between rich and poor

Catherine the Great Ruled from 1762 -1796 n Capable leader: n – – § Reorganized government to make more efficient Rewrote Russian law code Provided education to all children Encouraged Western Ideas Allowed nobles to govern serfs harshly, suppressed peasant revolts § Expanded the size of Russia

Looking Ahead Four of Europe’s five leading powers were ruled by absolute monarchs by the mid-1700 s Spain, France, Austria, Russia (NOT England) n Often fought each other for power n New ideas will soon change the ways of thinking across Europe n