Cranial and Spinal Nerves Suzanne DAnna 1 Cranial

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Cranial and Spinal Nerves Suzanne D'Anna 1

Cranial and Spinal Nerves Suzanne D'Anna 1

Cranial Nerves emerge from the brain n emerge through holes in the cranium -

Cranial Nerves emerge from the brain n emerge through holes in the cranium - cranial foramina n 12 pairs of cranial nerves n Contains: - sensory fibers (afferent) - motor fibers (efferent) - both sensory and motor fibers n Suzanne D'Anna 2

Cranial Nerves I II IV V VI Suzanne D'Anna Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal

Cranial Nerves I II IV V VI Suzanne D'Anna Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens VIII IX X XI XII (cont. ) Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglosseal 3

I Olfactory sensory nerve n Function: - smell (olfactory bulbs) n anosmia - loss

I Olfactory sensory nerve n Function: - smell (olfactory bulbs) n anosmia - loss of sense of smell Suzanne D'Anna 4

II Optic sensory nerve n Function: - vision (retina) n anopsia - defective vision

II Optic sensory nerve n Function: - vision (retina) n anopsia - defective vision Suzanne D'Anna 5

III Oculomotor mixed nerve (primarily motor) n Functions: - eyeball movement (4 eyeball muscles

III Oculomotor mixed nerve (primarily motor) n Functions: - eyeball movement (4 eyeball muscles and 1 eyelid muscle) - lens accommodation - pupil constriction - muscle proprioception n Suzanne D'Anna 6

III Oculomotor n (cont. ) Injury or lesion may cause: - strabismus - squinting

III Oculomotor n (cont. ) Injury or lesion may cause: - strabismus - squinting - ptosis - drooping of upper eye lid - diplopia - loss of accommodation for near vision and double vision Suzanne D'Anna 7

IV Trochlear mixed nerve (primarily motor) n Functions: - eyeball movement (superior oblique muscles)

IV Trochlear mixed nerve (primarily motor) n Functions: - eyeball movement (superior oblique muscles) - muscle proprioception n Suzanne D'Anna 8

V Trigeminal mixed nerve n Functions: - sensations ( face, scalp, teeth, lips, eyeballs,

V Trigeminal mixed nerve n Functions: - sensations ( face, scalp, teeth, lips, eyeballs, nose and throat lining) - general sensations from the tongue - proprioception (face and scalp) - chewing (muscles of mastication) n Suzanne D'Anna 9

VI Abducens mixed nerve (primarily motor) n Functions: - eyeball movement (lateral rectus muscle)

VI Abducens mixed nerve (primarily motor) n Functions: - eyeball movement (lateral rectus muscle) - muscle proprioception n Suzanne D'Anna 10

VII Facial mixed nerve n Functions: - taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue) - proprioception

VII Facial mixed nerve n Functions: - taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue) - proprioception (face and scalp) - facial expression (muscles of the face) n Injury: Bell’s palsy - loss of taste, inability to close eyes n Suzanne D'Anna 11

VIII Vestibulocochlear sensory nerve n Functions: - balance (vestibular apparatus of the internal ear)

VIII Vestibulocochlear sensory nerve n Functions: - balance (vestibular apparatus of the internal ear) - hearing (cochlea of internal ear) n Suzanne D'Anna 12

VIII Vestibulocochlear n (cont. ) Injury may cause: - tinnitus - ringing of the

VIII Vestibulocochlear n (cont. ) Injury may cause: - tinnitus - ringing of the ear or deafness - vertigo - feeling of rotation, dizziness - ataxia and nystagmus - involuntary rapid movement of the eyeball Suzanne D'Anna 13

IX Glossopharyngeal mixed nerve n Functions: - taste (posterior 1/3 of the tongue) -

IX Glossopharyngeal mixed nerve n Functions: - taste (posterior 1/3 of the tongue) - proprioception for swallowing (throat muscles) - blood pressure receptors (carotid sinuses) n Suzanne D'Anna 14

X Vagus mixed nerve n Functions: - chemoreceptors (blood oxygen concentration, aortic bodies) -

X Vagus mixed nerve n Functions: - chemoreceptors (blood oxygen concentration, aortic bodies) - pain receptors (respiratory and digestive tracts) - sensations (external ear, larynx, and pharynx) - taste (tongue) Suzanne D'Anna n 15

X Vagus n (cont. ) Functions: - heart rate and stroke volume (pacemaker and

X Vagus n (cont. ) Functions: - heart rate and stroke volume (pacemaker and ventricular muscles) - peristalsis (smooth muscles of the digestive tract) - airflow (smooth muscles in bronchial tubes) - speech and swallowing (muscles of larynx and pharynx) Suzanne D'Anna 16

XI Accessory mixed nerve (primarily motor) n Function: - head rotation (trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

XI Accessory mixed nerve (primarily motor) n Function: - head rotation (trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles n Suzanne D'Anna 17

XII Hypoglosseal mixed nerve (primarily motor) n Functions: - speech and swallowing (tongue and

XII Hypoglosseal mixed nerve (primarily motor) n Functions: - speech and swallowing (tongue and throat muscles) n Suzanne D'Anna 18

Classification of Spinal Nerves all emerge from spinal cord n emerge through holes formed

Classification of Spinal Nerves all emerge from spinal cord n emerge through holes formed by notches on adjoining vertebrae n 31 pairs n all mixed nerves (containing both sensory and motor) n named and numbered according to region and level of spinal cord from which they emerge n Suzanne D'Anna 19

Classification of Spinal Nerves (cont. ) n 8 pairs of cervical nerves - first

Classification of Spinal Nerves (cont. ) n 8 pairs of cervical nerves - first cervical pair emerges between atlas (first cervical vertebra) and occipital bone - first 7 emerge above vertebra of the same number - 8 th emerges between 7 th cervical vertebra and 1 st thoracic vertebra Suzanne D'Anna 20

Classification of Spinal Nerves (cont. ) 12 pairs of thoracic nerves n 5 pairs

Classification of Spinal Nerves (cont. ) 12 pairs of thoracic nerves n 5 pairs of lumbar nerves n 5 pairs of sacral nerves n 1 pair of coccygeal nerves - all emerge below vertebra of the same number - emerge through intervertebral foramina n Suzanne D'Anna 21

Plexuses (plexus = braid) network of adjacent nerves cervical plexus: n brachial plexus: n

Plexuses (plexus = braid) network of adjacent nerves cervical plexus: n brachial plexus: n lumbar plexus: n sacral plexus: n Suzanne D'Anna C 1 - C 5 - T 1 L 1 - L 4 - S 4 22

Brachial Plexus C 4 C 5 C 6 C 7 C 8 T 1

Brachial Plexus C 4 C 5 C 6 C 7 C 8 T 1 Suzanne D'Anna 23

Lumbo-Sacral Plexus Suzanne D'Anna 24

Lumbo-Sacral Plexus Suzanne D'Anna 24

Dermatomes specific segment of skin which each spinal nerve innervates n knowledge can help

Dermatomes specific segment of skin which each spinal nerve innervates n knowledge can help physician determine which segment of the spinal cord or which spinal nerve is affected n Suzanne D'Anna 25

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