CPECSC 580 Knowledge Management Dr Franz J Kurfess

CPE/CSC 580: Knowledge Management Dr. Franz J. Kurfess Computer Science Department Cal Poly © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 1

Course Overview u u Introduction Knowledge Processing u u Knowledge Organization u u u Classification, Categorization Ontologies, Taxonomies, Thesauri Knowledge Retrieval u u u Knowledge Acquisition, Representation and Manipulation Information Retrieval Knowledge Navigation Knowledge Presentation u Knowledge Visualization © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess u Knowledge Capture, Transfer, and Distribution u Usage u of Knowledge Access Patterns, User Feedback u Knowledge Techniques u Exchange Management Topic Maps, Agents u Knowledge Management Tools u Knowledge Management in Organizations Knowledge Usage 2

Overview Knowledge Usage u Motivation u Important u Objectives Terms u Chapter Summary u Chapter Introduction © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Concepts and Knowledge Usage 3

Logistics u Introductions u Course Materials u textbook u handouts u Web page u Course. Info/Blackboard System and Alternatives u Term Project u Lab and Homework Assignments u Exams u Grading © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 5

Using Knowledge u What do we want when we look for information or knowledge? u answers, not documents! u current retrieval systems identify documents that may or may not contain the answer u irrelevant documents u partial answers u multiple answers v inconsistent, wrong context, … © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 6

Current Usage of Retrieval Systems u tools to identify potentially relevant documents u formulation of questions as unnatural queries u either u ranking simplistic sets of keywords, or complex expressions of retrieved documents according to obscure criteria u re-formulation u mostly of queries to influence ranking batch processing u submit query u wait u view result © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 7

Better Usage of Retrieval Systems u provide answers to questions u find the right information fast u analyze information, combine it into easily digestible formats u summarize longer documents, sets of related documents u relate it to decisions to be made © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 8

Pre-Test © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 9

Motivation © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 10

Objectives © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 11

Knowledge Usage in Context u terminology u dissemination, u knowledge utilization, diffusion, technology transfer dissemination and utilization u traditional model u conceptual and instrumental use u related terms u knowledge use as learning process u knowledge life span u usefulness u knowledge u activities and accessibility of knowledge life cycle dealing with knowledge throughout its useful life © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 13

What is Knowledge Utilization? u no clear definition u often used interchangeably with u knowledge dissemination u knowledge transfer u knowledge usage u usually assume two aspects u distribution of knowledge, information, or products u incorporation of conceptual or instrumental use of knowledge into relevant activities © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 14

Knowledge Dissemination and Utilization u due to a number of factors, existing knowledge is not used effectively u driven by the dissemination side (researchers), rather than the knowledge use side (practitioners) v finding practical applications of knowledge is often left to potential users u lack v of coordinated knowledge utilization activities ad hoc dissemination models, very few attempts at systematic approaches to utilization u cumbersome v accessibility finding and accessing knowledge has been the domain of specialists (librarians, consultants) © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 15

Dissemination Types u spread u one-way diffusion or distribution of knowledge and information u choice u users actively seek and acquire knowledge from established or alternative sources u users learn about their options u exchange u interactions between people u multi-directional flow of knowledge and information u implementation u technical assistance, training, interpersonal activities © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [NCDDR 1996] Knowledge Usage 16

Extension Model of Knowledge Use u rational, linear conception of the process of knowledge utilization u knowledge is packaged and moved from one place to another v based on the assumption that knowledge can be arranged into definable, useable units that can be transmitted easily u “getting the word out” u based on the hope that potential users will hear about it, and be willing and capable to utilize it u does not reflect the use of knowledge in many situations © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [NCDDR 1996] Knowledge Usage 17

Complex Model of Knowledge Use u the process usually is not rational nor linear u complex multiple sources, multiple media and paths of delivery v interdependencies between individual knowledge items v context may be critical v u transactional v may involve transactions between source (expert) and user u dependent v u the on the background of potential users pre-existing knowledge, beliefs, experiences user is involved in the usage process u problem-solver u constructor of a personal knowledge base © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [NCDDR 1996] Knowledge Usage 18

Knowledge Usage u conceptual u changes use in levels of knowledge, understanding, or attitude u instrumental u changes u strategic use in behavior and practice use u manipulation v of knowledge to attain specific goals power, profit, political gain © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [NCDDR 1996] Knowledge Usage 19

Knowledge Usage Metaphors u “tabula rasa” u the learner’s mind is an empty slate upon which people “in the know” impress knowledge u learner as a sponge u soaking up knowledge, largely without filtering or processing u brain as a computer u processes information in a systematic fashion as it is received from outside sources © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 20

Knowledge Use as Learning Process u role of knowledge u dynamic set of understandings influenced by its originators and its users u role of the learner u actively v filters and shapes knowledge integration into existing knowledge u constructs v models of the environment explanations to make sense of the world u pre-existing v (mis-)understandings may have to be changed they result in discrepancies of the mental model © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [NCDDR 1996] Knowledge Usage 21

Dimensions of Knowledge Utilization u dissemination source u originator of information u initiator of dissemination u content u new knowledge u supporting information u dissemination u packaging medium and transmission of knowledge u user u person or organization to receive and apply the knowledge © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [NCDDR 1996] Knowledge Usage 22

Knowledge Life Span © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [Kaplan 1997] Knowledge Usage 23

Knowledge Life Cycle © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [Kaplan 1997] Knowledge Usage 24

Utilization of Knowledge Assets © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [Konno 2000] Knowledge Usage 25

Knowledge Usage Issues u selection of knowledge u composition of knowledge u merging of knowledge items u modification of knowledge u modification of system aspects u preservation of consistency u user motivation © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 26

Knowledge Usage Template © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [Skyrme 1999] Knowledge Usage 27

KM Benefits Tree © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [Skyrme 1999] Knowledge Usage 28

Technology vs. Usage Task Context Browse Transfer into Search Organize Query Think Select Collaborate Output Store Create Evaluate Plan Today’s Technology Centered Systems © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Gather User and Usage Centered [Griffin 2000] Knowledge Usage 29

Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI) Phase 1 Projects Project/Research Focus research goal Carnegie Mellon University: Digital Video Libraries • speech, image and natural language technologies integration full-content search and retrieval of video segments Univ of Michigan: Intelligent Architectures • software agents; resource federation; artificial service market economies; educational impact new DL cross-disciplinary capabilities, intellectual perspectives and linkages Stanford Univ: Uniform Access • interoperability; protocols & standards; distributed object architectures; interface design for distributed information retrieval general access, extensibility for heterogeneous distributed resources © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [Griffin 2000] Knowledge Usage 30

Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI) Phase 1 Projects Project/Research Focus research goal Univ of California, Santa Barbara: Geographic Information Systems • spatially-indexed data; content-based retrieval; image -compression; metadata Univ of Illinois: Intelligent Search and the Net • large-scale information retrieval across knowledge domains; semantic search; SGML; user/usage studies Univ of California, Berkeley: Media Integration and Access • new models of “documents”; natural language processing; content-based image retrieval; innovative interface design © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [Griffin 2000] resources for geosciences research and education communities semantic retrieval across the net; alternatives for publishers of scientific journals new models and services for multimedia information management in a networked world Knowledge Usage 31

DLI Collaboration and Partnering -- DLI Lead Institutions -University of California, Berkeley University of Illinois University of Michigan Univ of California, Santa Barbara Carnegie Mellon Stanford University Flow of Resources, Technologies, Knowledge, Intellectual Products Computer & Communications Companies Digital Equipment Corp Xerox PARC Intel Corp Apple Corporation Bellcore Eastman Kodak Co IBM Lockheed Interconnect Tech Corp Enterprise Integration (EIT) Bellcore Interval Microsoft Corp Bell Atlantic Network Services AT&T Hewlett Packard United Technologies Softquad BRS/Dataware Spyglass Hitachi Publishers/Content Providers Elsevier Science Group Encyclopedia Britannica Mc. Graw-Hill Publishers Dialog Information Services O'Reilly WAIS Inc QED Communications John Wiley & Sons U. S. News & World Report M&T Publishing Tribune Company UMI Professional Societies American Math Society (AMA) ACM IEEE American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) American Physical Society American Institute of Physics NCGIA Association of Research Libraries © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Other Universities SUNY Buffalo Univ of Maine Univ of Arizona Open University, U. K. Univ of Wisconsin Univ of Colorado MIT Cornell Univ Libraries Project Site Univ Libs USGS Library of Congress California State Library Sonoma County Library St. Louis Public Library New York Public Libs International Orgs ERCIM [Griffin 2000] Primary & Secondary Schools Project-local comm schools Fairfax County Public Schools Winchester-Thurston School Ann Arbor Public Schools Stuyvesant High School, NYC Shasta County Ofc of Edu Government Agencies and Labs DMA/CIO U S Navy USGS NASA/ARC Res Agcy of California San Diego Assn of Govts Other/Non-Profits CNRI Environmental Systems Res Inst Mellon Foundation Kellogg Foundation Getty Foundation Knowledge Usage 32

Grand Challenge Requirements Climate Modeling Fluid Turbulence Human Genome Ocean Circulation Quantum Chromdynamics Semiconductor Modeling Superconductor Modeling Viscous Fluid Dynamics Vision and Cognition Computer Speed in Billion of Operations per Second 1000 100 Structural Biology Vehicle Signature 10 72 Hour Weather 1 48 Hour Weather Boson Mass Airfoil Modeling 1970 © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess 1980 [Griffin 2000] Chemical Dynamics Estimate of Higgs 3 D Plasma 2 D Plasma Modeling 0. 1 Pharmaceutical Design 1990 2000 Knowledge Usage 33

Application Requirements 10 Bandwidth Peak Rate 10 10 10 Composite Imaging 9 Interactive Visualization 8 7 Distributed Computing Collaboration Technology Image Transfer Multi. Media Database Access Video Teleconf 6 5 4 3 Multi-Media Mail Text File Transfer Electronic Mail 2 Character Data Transfer 1 0 Bursty Steady Traffic Requirements for Bandwidth © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [Griffin 2000] Knowledge Usage 34

Two Dimensional Thinking, Early 1990 s. . . Network Capability (bandwidth) Computing Capability (FLOPS) © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [Griffin 2000] Knowledge Usage 35

Communications (bandwidth, connectivity) Three Dimensional Thinking, Mid-90 s. . . Digital Libraries technology trajectory: intellectual access to globally distributed information Computing (flops) Digital content less more © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [Griffin 2000] Knowledge Usage 36

Today: Context and Structure © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [Griffin 2000] Knowledge Usage 37

Evolution of Understanding nc e The universe is expanding! Inf ere an aly sis Understanding m = 0. 65 s = 0. 01 co n tex t Knowledge str uc tu re Information Data 0100100110 0011111100 © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [Griffin 2000] Knowledge Usage 39

A Vision of Disciplinarity in 2010 Social Sciences, Humanities Life Sciences Social Sciences, Humanities Information Sciences Physical Sciences Engineering Information Sciences 2000 © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess 2010 [Griffin 2000] Knowledge Usage 40

International Digital Libraries Collaborative Research Program FY 1999 Competition Data · ~50 proposals requesting $25 M · ~30 countries · Formal Program with UK/JISC (Circular 15/98) © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [Griffin 2000] Knowledge Usage 41

Languages and the Internet April 1999 English non-English European 107. 2 M 82. 7 M 54. 9 M 56. 5% 43. 5% 30. 0% By end of year 2000 English non-English 160 M 167 M http: //www. euromktg. com/globstats/ © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [Griffin 2000] Knowledge Usage 42

KM Infrastructure IC PM IS PM PM IS IPS IC PM IS PM: Protocol Machine LS: Library Service IC: Interface Client IS: Information Source IPS: Information Processing Service PM LS LS LS IPS * objects, collections, services, platforms…. Stanford Info. Bus: CORBA distributed object technology © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [Griffin 2000] Knowledge Usage 43

Merging Intellectual Perspectives u Traditional KM Stress: u u u Service Selection, Organization, Structure for Access Centralization, Standards Physical objects & standard genres Contemporary Technological Capabilities (e. g. WWW) Stress: u u Flexibility, Openness Rapid Evolution Decentralization (geographic, administrative) Digital objects, old + new genres Design Space for KM Systems & Beyond © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [Griffin 2000] Knowledge Usage 44

Application of Integrated Technologies Histogram Scene Analysis Scene Changes Camera Motion Word Relevance Key Words Audio Level © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [Griffin 2000] © Carnegie Mellon University 2/96 Knowledge Usage 45

Building Large Collections of Diverse Information UC Berkeley Digital Library Testbed © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [Griffin 2000] Knowledge Usage 46

New Conceptualizations © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [Griffin 2000] Knowledge Usage 47

Goals u gather information and build collections u conversion of existing collections u creation of new collections from scratch u integration of collections u create new communities u communication u evaluation u collaboration u make technology disappear u from our awareness and experience © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [Griffin 2000] Knowledge Usage 48

Usage Aspects u collection and evaluation of usage information u single items vs. sets of items u individuals vs. groups u temporal relationships u info-space relationships u examples u relevance feedback, user profiles, citation analysis, hypertext links, collaborative filtering u problems u technical aspects, quantity of data u privacy © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 49

Post-Test © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 50

References u u u [Griffin 2000] Stephen M. Griffin, Digital Libraries Initiative, National Science Foundation, www. dli 2. nsf. gov, 2000 [Kaplan 1997] R. M. Kaplan, Knowledge Management - Access to an Untapped Resource, October 1997. [Konno 2000] Noburu Konno, Knowledge Strategy and “Ba” - The Practice of Knowledge-Based Management. Column, Inc. , 2000. [NCDDR 1996] A Review of the Literature on Dissemination and Knowledge Utilization. National Center for the Dissemination of Disability Research (NCDDR), www. ncddr. org, 1996 [Skyrme 1999]. David Skyrme. Knowledge Usage Template. David Skyrme Associates, www. skyrme. com, 1999. © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess [Gil 2000] Knowledge Usage 52

Important Concepts and Terms u u u u agent automated reasoning belief network cognitive science computer science hidden Markov model intelligence knowledge representation linguistics Lisp logic machine learning microworlds © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess u u u u natural language processing neural network predicate logic propositional logic rational agent rationality Turing test Knowledge Usage 53

Summary Knowledge Usage © 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 54

© 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 55