CP Organic Biochemistry Notes Biochemistry is the study
CP Organic Biochemistry Notes Biochemistry: is the study of the molecules that make up living organisms.
Organic Chemistry • organic-all substances that contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) C & H
Organic Compounds • Also called macromolecules – Macro-=large • 4 different types: – Carbohydrates – Lipids – Nucleic Acids – Proteins
How do we get macromolecules? • Monomer: single subunit of macromolecules – ONE Lego • Polymer: many subunits of a macromolecule – More than ONE Lego
1 st Organic Compound • Carbohydrates – composed of C, H, O – usually 2 H for every C – monomer is a monosaccharide – Names end in -ose – energy sources and structure. • Sugar for energy • Cellulose for a plant cell wall • Important external cell markers • Structurally important in living organisms
The groups of Carbohydrates • monosaccharide-simple sugar – Also called simple sugars – examples: glucose, fructose, ribose in (DNA & RNA) + • disaccharide-2 sugars – examples: sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose (grain sugar) • polysaccharide-many sugars (long chains) – Important source of nutrition both for stored and quick use energy – examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose (animal energy storage) + + +
Starch and Glucose Starch Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6)
How do monomers become polymers? ? ? • dehydration synthesis: synthesis (to build from small large) – also called condensation rxn – when monomers are put together, each bond that is built releases a water molecule • hydrolysis rxn: -lysis (to break down from large small) – water added – this is how monomers are broken apart
1. 2 H’s and a O are removed from the monomers (the smilies are the monomers) 2. Remaining O joins with the two monomers
1. Water molecule is inserted at the O, breaking the O bond
Testing for Macromolecules • Different reagents are used to test for macromolecules. • Reagent=a substance used to produce a chemical reaction to detect other substances
Carb Food Test (#1 -Simple Sugar) • • Two different types of carb tests!! Reagent—Benedict’s solution Special because it needs to be heated After heating results can be: – Positive test—orange, green, or brown color – Negative test—solution remains blue
Carb Food Test (#2 -Starch) • Reagent—Iodine • Positive test—blue/black color • Negative test—will stay golden color of iodine
2 nd Organic Compound • lipids – composed of C, H, O – The monomers are fatty acids(2 or 3) and gylcerol – If they are a wax or steroid then they do not have monomers, but are big bulky molecules – store energy, part of cell membrane, insulate
Lipids • Examples: – many hormones like testosterone and estrogen that have a multi-ring structure – They are also waxes – Steriods – Phospholipid • They are almost always hydrophobic and do not mix with water, making them nonpolar
Lipids • lipids are made of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids What is this called?
Lipids • Phospholipids
Lipids (2 types) • saturated: all single bonds, full of H – usually solid at room temperature • unsaturated: not all single bonds, not full of H (bends in chain) – usually liquid at room temperature
Lipid Food Test • Reagent—brown paper • Positive test—greasy spot • Negative test—dries normal
3 rd Macromolecule • proteins – largest group – not normally used for energy – contains C, H, O, N, S – monomers of proteins are amino acids and are bonded together by peptide bonds – made from combinations of 20 amino acids – Used for building material, enzymes, cell transport, cell structure, antibodies • Examples: keratin (hair & skin), albumin (egg whites), Hemaglobin (in blood)
Proteins • All enzymes are special proteins and are vital to all living organisms • Proteins are sensitive to temperature and p. H and if exposed to these they can permanently change shape and not work – Denature: the permanently changing shape of a protein causing it not to work • • amino + amino=peptide bond 2 aminos=dipeptide many aminos=polypeptide proteins can have more than one polypeptide chain
Proteins amino acids
Protein Food Test • Reagent—Biuret’s solution • Positive test—goes from pale blue to light purple or pinkish in the presence of protein • Negative test—any other than the above
Enzymes • Often end in –ase and can be named for what they work on “substrate” • For example; sucrase breaks down sucrose • Work by speeding up reactions by lowering the energy of activation – Activation energy: minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical rxn • All living organisms NEED enzymes!
Enzyme vocabulary • • Enzymes are specific and reusable! Substrate= what the enzymes work on Reusable=are used over and over again Specific=only work on one substrate
How enzymes work: • Enzymes act on substrates at an active site (imagine a flexible lock and key). • Coenzymes are enzyme helpers. • http: //programs. northlandcollege. edu/biology/Biology 1111/animations/enzyme. s wf
Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy with enzyme Reactants Reaction pathway with enzyme Products
4 th Macromolecule • Nucleic Acids – Contains C, H, O, N, P (phosphorous) – The monomers are nucleotides – nucleotide structure: sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base – Examples: Both found in the cell • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)-genetic code • RNA (ribonucleic acid)-carries out genetic code
DNA
Recap
Carbon Compounds include Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins that consist of Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
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