Cowboys Cattle Drives Cowboys n n n Learned

Cowboys &Cattle Drives

Cowboys n n n Learned to be Cowboys from the Mexicans 1/5 th of the Cowboys were black or Hispanic Long hard day, very dangerous and lonely work

Beginnings of the Cattle Industry of the 19 th Century Began with the Spanish in the 1500 s… The Spanish explorers brought the first cattle to Texas in the 1500 s. Some of the cattle escaped and roamed throughout parts of Texas. The Spanish missions of the 1600 s and 1700 s later started raising cattle. South Texas Cattle “Diamond” Cattle herds, because they were neglected during the Civil War and wire fences had not yet been invented, roamed wild on the South Texas Plains during the 1860 s and 1870 s. Many of these cattle were rounded up and driven to cattle markets and railroads further north. The area in which much of these cattle roamed before they were rounded up is sometimes referred to as the cattle “Diamond” of Texas. South Texas Cattle “Diamond” A native vaquero, or cowboy, tends cattle on the mission ranch. Although most were unbranded and roamed freely, cattle were the lifeblood of the mission, providing meat and hides for the mission residents as well as important commodities for revenue. With up to 40, 000 head of cattle at one point, Mission Espiritu Santo was the first large cattle operation in Texas.

Cattle Kingdom n n Greater demand for beef in urban areas Ranching becomes a profitable business Chisholm Trail-major cattle drive trail Abilene- major cattle town

Why Did Ranchers Start “Driving” Cattle? It’s all about the money… Even the Natives knew that the most important thing to most whites was money. (Remember the chief who compared the Native’s buffalo to the White’s money? ) The Cattle Business in Texas became profitable after the Civil War for three main reasons… Trail Driving was The Expansion of the The Price of Cattle in the Economical: Railroads: North and East and the High Demand for BEEF: Railroads in the 1860 s and 1870 s Only 12 cowhands were The price of cattle in the Southwest was about $4 a head… the same steer went for $30 to $40 a head “up east”. expanded westward allowing ranchers needed per 2000 head of the opportunity to get their cattle to cattle at a cost of only these markets “up east”. They would $1 a head. drive cattle to railroad towns and put them on the train to the Chicago and St. Louis stockyards.

Ranchers You Should Know Jesse Chisholm n n 1865 – Chisholm Trail (trail to Kansas) Indian interpreter who spoke 14 different languages Established the first cattle trail from the Rio Grande to railheads in Kansas Related to Sam Houston-how? Charles Goodnight n n n n 1865 – Goodnight-Loving Trail (Trail to NM, CO and WY) 1876 - JA Ranch One of the greatest of the cattlemen He and his partner Oliver Loving blazed a trail from Fort Concho in TX to railheads in Colorado and Wyoming Loving was killed by the Comanche, but Goodnight continued Established a ranch in the Panhandle at Palo Duro Canyon called the JA Ranch with partner John Adair Kept a herd of about 250 buffalo occasionally donating one Comanche and Kiowa who rode to his ranch from their reservations with a request to kill one “for old times sake”

Long Drive n n Round-up cattle for Long drive Longhorn- could survive the long journey Journey taking the cattle to the market Lasts about 3 months

What Type of Cattle Were Driven? LONGHORNS Texas Longhorns: Longhorns were a mix of Spanish stock and English cattle. Even though immune to diseases, they carried some cattle diseases to other ranchers outside Texas. The most devastating disease was known as “Texas fever”. Cattle Tick

Major Cattle Ranches South TX Ranches n KING RANCH Richard King, Henrietta King, Robert Kleberg XIT Ranch Panhandle Ranches n JA RANCH John Adair, Charles Goodnight n XIT RANCH JA Ranch Shoe Bar Ranch Matador Ranch After the capitol building in Austin burned down in 1881 the Farwell brothers of Chicago agreed to build a $3 million capitol in exchange for 3 million acres of land in the Panhandle… they started the XIT with the land n SHOE BAR RANCH Thomas Bugbee n MATADOR RANCH H. H. Campbell and others CAMP RANCH Wilson County King Ranch

Major Cattle Trails Cheyenne Ogallala Denver Ellsworth Pueblo Dodge City Abilene Baxter Springs KEY Goodnight-Loving Trail Great Western Trail Chisholm Trail Fort Concho Sedalia (Shawnee) Trail Towns Forts Railroads Rivers Austin Kerrville Sedalia

TRAILSCONNECTEDTO TORAILROADS TRAILS

VOCABULARY BORROWED n MEXICAN “VAQUEROS” (COW MAN) PROVIDED THE VOCABULARY FOR THE AMERICAN COWBOY Vanilla, bronco, mustang, chaps, mosquito, pronto, tuna, stampede, tornado, chili, cigar, shack, savvy, siesta, wrangler, lasso, lariat, ranch, corral, burro, canyon, bandit, fiesta, guerrilla, hurricane, matador, plaza, rodeo, vigilante, desperado, cockroach, buckaroo

Wrangler Remuda Swing Point Flank Chuck wagon Trail Boss Drag Flank Swing Point TYPICAL CATTLE DRIVE FORMATION This diagram shows a typical cattle drive formation. The Pointers guided the cattle in the desired direction; the Swing Riders, behind the Pointers, assisted in guiding the cattle, and in keeping the herd in formation. The Flank Riders worked at keeping the formation intact. The Drag Riders, the most undesirable position because of the dust , depending upon the wind, kept the weaker, lagging cattle from slowing the formation down.

Jobs Along the Trail Boss n Qualifications Leadership, Competence, Cooperative, Cool-headed, Resolute, Quick thinker, Previous experience with cattle drives n Duties n n n n Responsible for entire operation (cows, cowboys, cattle) while on trail Involved in finding water, grass, and good trail for cattle Can track different animals across the range; knows the range well Keeps peace between cowboys Keeps horses and cowboys fed Handles money involved with placing orders for supplies and paying appropriate tolls Pay (1890 s) - $90/month Pay (2008) - $2052/month Zack T. Burkett, LS Foreman, Overlooking the Canadian River, 1907

Chuck Wagon Cook A JA Cook Inspecting His Stew, JA Ranch, Texas, 1908 Legendary ranchman and trail driver Charles Goodnight invented the chuck wagon in 1866 for use by his crews. The chuck wagon, sometimes drawn by oxen, but usually by mules, carried not only food, utensils and a water barrel, but also tools and the crew's bed rolls. A fold-out counter, supported by one or two hinged legs, was used for food preparation. The wagon contained several drawers and shelves, with a "boot" or storage compartment underneath, all covered by a canvas top. The cook served beef and bison steaks, SOB stew (made from calf parts), "chuck wagon chicken" (bacon), "Pecos strawberries" (beans), "sourdough bullets" (biscuits) and cowboy coffee. The Matador wagon cook [Harry Stewart] making a cobbler. Matador Ranch, Texas, 1908 Qualifications Must know how to drive a wagon, be able to prepare meals with limited resources and serve them on time, some experience and knowledge of medical techniques also necessary Level of Experience n HIGH; former cowboy who is either too old for the more difficult work or has been hurt Duties n Prepares 3 meals a day out of the back of a wagon n Not expected to assist with any cattle or other trail jobs n Cooks for the men on the trail n Moves wagon about two times a day, 10 -15 miles each time n Awakens at 3 am and has breakfast ready when the others are awakened n Pay (1890 s) - $60/month n Pay (2008) - $1368/month The Matador outfit having dinner at the chuck wagon. The noon meal is known as "dinner" in the ranch country. Matador Ranch, Texas. , 19081909

Point n n n Qualifications Reliable, ability to work in a group with others toward a common goal Level of Experience n High; most honored post on the drive. These cowboys would determine the direction of the drive. Duties n Works in groups of two and points the lead steers in the right direction n Sets the pace for the drive n Pay (1890 s) - $30 -40/month n Pay (2008) - $684 -912/month Swing n n n Qualifications Must know how to ride a horse, previous experience with trail drives Level of Experience n Some experience required Duties n Rides a third of the way back from the front of the herd as it is moving down the trail n Pay (1890 s) - $30 -40/month n Pay (2008) - $684 -912/month

Flank n n n Qualifications Must know how to ride a horse, previous experience with trail drives Level of Experience n Some experience required Duties Jack Woffard of the Shoe Bar outfit flanking the n “Cuts in” cattle that have gotten out of trail herd. Shoe Bar Ranch, Texas, 1912 the herd n Rides about 2/3 of the way back from the front of the trail n Makes sure that cattle do not wander too far away from the main herd n Qualifications Pay (1890 s) - $30 -40/month Willing to work hard and endure dust and dirt Pay (2008) - $684 -912/month kicked up by the herd and riders ahead of them n Level of Experience n Usually an entry-level position n Duties n Rides at the back of the herd on the trail to make sure that beeves, cows, etc. stay with the herd n Must be able to “push” these slower cattle forward Drag n n Two OR cowboys roping an outlaw steer, 1909 n Pay (1890 s) - $30 -40/month n Pay (2008) - $684 -912/month

Wrangler Qualifications Willing to learn and work hard Level of Experience n ENTRY-LEVEL POSITION, generally a young boy who wants to be a cowboy Duties n n Erwin E. Smith (1886– 1947) Smearing His Loop on a Wild One [A JA Cowpuncher Making a Houlihan Catch in the Remuda as the Horses Attempt to Dodge His Lariat], JA Ranch, Texas, 1908 n n n The boy wrangler for the Shoe Bar brings in a load of wood, the cowboy's favorite method of "totin' things", 1912 The wrangler was usually a young boy who worked as an apprentice to learn the ways of a cowhand. His primary responsibility was to care for the remuda (herd of horses). In the morning he rose before the men to round up all the horses that might have wandered away in the night. He had to keep them together until they could be roped for the men to ride. One of the most popular cowboy songs of all time, “Little Joe, the Wrangler, ” written by Jack Thorp in 1898, told the story of a youngster who worked hard at a “man’s job” and died tragically when the herd stampeded during a storm. Drives the remuda before the wagon and ahead of the cattle Rounds the extra horses up and gets them into a rope corral several times during the day Keeps the horses together and eating grass until it is time for cowboys to change mounts Makes sure that those ridden hard are given proper food (corn and grass) Helps cook gather wood and harness the teams of horses n Pay (1890 s) - $25/month n Pay (2008) - $570/month Often horses in the remuda would dodge cowhands’ attempts to rope them, making rope-handling skills all the more important. In this image, the cowhand is roping his mount for the day, using a smear or houlihan catch. A roper had different throws for different purposes; the smear or houlihan catch is a fast overhand throw with an open loop, rather than a side or spinning throw, which required more room to execute. The houlihan catch is performed quickly and in a tight area.

Cattle Branding Cattle brands were used to mark a rancher’s cattle. Each ranch had their own brand that they would register with the county. If someone else tried to sell the cattle, they would be arrested for stealing cattle or “cattle rustling”. Ask about the XIT cattle rustlers story… Cowboys branding "mavericks" in the 1880's. This cowboy name for cattle without a brand can be traced to Texas rancher Samuel Maverick, whose habit of neglecting to brand his herd led his neighbors to call an unbranded steer "one of Maverick's. " Photograph by F. M. Steele Payback time at the ranch.

Family Brands n Bar LC Diamond G n Rockin’ R LC G R Brands were registered by county, so no two brands could be the same in any one county. These brands are registered in Wilson County about 30 miles south of San Antonio.

End of the Open Range n n Almost as soon as ranching became big business, the cattle frontier met its end Too many cattle and overgrazing, disease and drought caused the decline Barbed wire fences ended the open range Invented by Joseph Glidden

“Wild West” Legend of adventure Wild Bill Hickok Calamity Jane Wyatt Earp Jesse James Wild Bill Hickok Calamity Jane Billy the Kid Annie Oakley Dime novels that told western tales • Romanticized the West Only lasted 30 years Wyatt Earp Jesse James Billy the Kid • 1860 -1890

Law-Breakers of the Wild-West Who was the Baddest in the West?

Billy the Kid Born Henry Mc. Carty in the slums of New York in 1859, the Kid alias William Bonney is a legend of the West. He was an orphan by 14 and turned to petty crime in Kansas. His first robbery was a bundle of washing from a Chinese laundry! Later he stole cattle and horses, including the horse of a cavalry sergeant. The Kid killed Frank Cahill, a blacksmith, after a game of cards turned into a cussing. He escaped from jail for the second time in his life aged 17. His mentor, John Tunstall, was killed by rival ranchers, and the Kid was gutted. The Kid and the ‘Regulators’, Tunstall’s mens’ posse, killed many foes in ‘The Lincoln County War’. Afterwards, the Kid kept on killing until his own shooting by Pat Garrett in 1881. He claimed to have killed 21 men, but historians say he killed only four! Billy the Kid remains one of the heroes of The West.

Jesse James and the James-Younger Gang In 1866 the first peacetime armed bank raid took place in Liberty, Missouri. A teenage eye-witness, George Wymore, was shot dead. Jesse and his brother Frank were Confederate ‘soldiers’ in the Civil War. They were part of Bill Quantrill’s band of raiders and notorious for brutality. With ‘Cole’ Younger, the gang robbed banks across America with much support from the people in the South. In 1874 at the peak of their career they even robbed a steamboat. The Youngers were jailed in 1876, but the Jameses continued, until two of their gang, Bob and Charlie Ford betrayed them for the $10, 000 reward. Bob shot Jesse dead aged 35 in 1882. After release from jail Frank entered show business.

John Wesley Hardin The ‘Terror from Texas’ is reputed to have killed between 11 and 44 men. Noone really knows! The Civil War made Hardin, the son of a preacher, bitter, and he wreaked vengeance on black men, starting at the age of 15. He later became a cowboy and gunslinger, and shot a man for snoring loudly! He was jailed and released in 1892 having studied law. In 1895 aged 42 he was shot in the back of the head by John Selman, a local policeman and gunslinger.

The Clanton Gang aka The Cowboys numbered up to 300 members. They were rustlers and outlaws around Tombstone, Arizona. The local mining companies wanted The Cowboys out of town as they thought them ‘bad for business’ and hired the Earp brothers to enforce the law. After 2 years of tension it boiled over at the O. K. Corral in 1881. The Earps’ friend Doc Holliday fired the first shot, and the most famous 30 seconds in the history of the West began. The Mc. Laury brothers and Billy Clanton were shot dead. The killing continued with Morgan Earp’s shooting in 1882. This fuelled a rampage of revenge by the Earps against The Cowboys. Much of what we know is disputed by both sides to this day. Wyatt Earp wrote the story behind the films and many feel the Clantons’ story has been ignored.

Butch Cassidy, The Sundance Kid and the Wild Bunch In the mid-1890 s an out-of-reach valley in Wyoming known as the Hole in the Wall was becoming a haven for outlaws and rustlers. From here the second ‘Wild Bunch’ (no link to Doolin) began their careers. Between 1897 and 1902 the flamboyant gang robbed banks and trains without much brutality. Cassidy (Robert Le. Roy Parker) and Sundance (Harry Longbaugh) fled to South America to live in 1902. In 1907 the Bolivian army caught up with them. After a shootout, Parker shot his badly wounded friend, and escaped, dying 30 years later. An ending not like the film, which has both men dying together in a blaze of glory!

Bill Doolin and the Doolin-Dalton Gang aka The Wild Bunch Bill Doolin met his future gang as cowboys aged 23 in 1881. After a rowdy drunken party two lawmen were injured in gunfire. Doolin and the Daltons robbed trains but in 1891 three of the Daltons were shot during a bank raid in Coffeyville, Kansas. The gang recruited more outlaws and in 1893 a huge shoot-out killed 3 marshals and 2 innocent bystanders. For the next two years the Wild Bunch were picked off. Doolin was arrested and jailed for 50 years. He escaped after 2 months but was shot to death soon after. The rest of the gang were killed one by one. The Wild Bunch’s demise signalled the end of ‘The Wild West’.

Cherokee Bill He was known as the Black Billy the Kid. Born Cranford Goldsby to a member of the Buffalo Soldiers, Cherokee had a troubled life. His parents split and he joined the outlaw gang of Jim and Bill Cook, robbing stores and railroads. Cherokee could evade his pursuers by fitting in with Indian tribes. He was caught at the age of 20 and sentenced to hang for the murder of 13 men. In 1896 he was taken to the gallows and remarked, “This is about as good a day as any to die”. Asked if he had any last words, Cherokee said, “I came here to die, not make a speech. ” He was 21 years young.

Black Bart, alias stagecoach robber Charles Bole/Bolton, liked to leave poems at the scenes of his crimes! “I’ve laboured long and hard for bread For honour and for riches But on my corns too long you’ve tread You fine-haired sons of bitches” When caught he was given a light sentence as he had used an empty gun. He disappeared in 1888.