Covarying collexemes in the Korean Auxiliary Verb ea
Covarying collexemes in the Korean Auxiliary Verb, -e/a twu- and –e/a noh. Bumyong Choi University of Hawaii bumyong@hawaii. edu
Collocation, Construction, and Collostruction Collocation (연어) disregard syntactic structure • “word that occur with a frequency that is significantly above • chance-level in a given span around the node word” e. g. , ) Collocations of auxiliary verb 두- (+/- 4어절 span): 어, 아, 고, ㄴ, 었, 하, 에, 을, 를, 는… (http: //rocker. snu. ac. kr: 8080/search 세종말뭉치검색기) If we can identify collocations of an auxiliary verb construction – 어 두-: • 내버리, 남기, 넣, 세우, 쌓, 접, 묻, 숨기, 모으, 제치… (Choi, forthcoming) provide finer-grain analysis Collostruction (연구문) • starts with a particular construction and investigates which lexemes are strongly attracted or repelled by a particular slot in the construction” Collocation of words and syntactic structure
Collostructional analysis Collexeme analysis (Stefanowitsch & Grise 2003) • measures the degree of attraction/repulsion of a lemma to a slot • Distinctive collexeme analysis (Gries & Stefanowitsch 2004) • measures the preference of a lemma to one particular • • in one particular construction –어 두-: 내버리, 남기, 넣, 세우, …… construction over another, functionally similar construction -어 두-: 내버리, 놓, 보, 남기, 알, …. . -어 놓-: 내리, 내, 털, 올리, 늘, …… Covarying collexeme analysis (Stefanowitsch & Gries 2005) • measures the degree of attraction of lemmas in one slot of a • construction to lemmas in another slot of the same construction slot 1 -어 두(놓)-slot 2: collocation between slot 1 and slot 2
Covarying collexeme analysis (CCA) It measure strength of association between V 1 stem and V 2 suffix in a particular auxiliary verb construction (-어 두/놓- 구문). [slot 1] 어두[slot 2] The distribution of cechi- and –ko in the –e/a twu- construction -ko “and” other suffix Column total ceychi “clear away” 45 (9) 8 (44) 53 other verbs 711 (747) 3622 (3586) 4333 Row total 756 3630 4386 Fisher’s exact test (statistical probability of error) p=3. 11 E-26 ( the association between ceychi and the conjunctive suffix –ko is very strong ) Transform p value to Log 10 -value : 25. 6
Why CCA for Korean AVCs? No studies focus either on the suffixes of V 2 or on the interaction between V 1 and suffixes of V 2. • [V 1 stem]-e [V 2 stem]+[V 2 suffixes] (1) The earlier discussion on AVCs mainly focus on the semantic and syntactic features of V 2(stem), or covers the qualities and features of V 1(stem) (Sohn, 1999; Kang, 2006) (2) The role of V 2(suffix) is disregarded or marginally considered. 수미가 예뻐 놔서(*둬서), 모든 남자들이 만나고 싶어 했다. Most data are from researcher’s creation or based on their intuition • Some studies are based on real language use in corpus data (Kang, 1996; Ho, 2003; Strauss 2002) but very few studies on quantitative analysis of V 1 -e V 2 constructions (Park, 2003)
Purpose of this study To investigate whethere are interaction between V 1 and suffixes of V 2 in a particular Korean AVC (i. e. –어 두- and -어 놓-) To identify certain grammatical units (or conventionalized forms) from the target AVC which consist of a certain main verb and a suffix. To examine how the distinctive semantic features of two auxiliary verbs, -어 두- and –어 놓- manifest in the choice of the main verbs and suffixes of the target AVC using corpusbased analysis
Korean Auxiliary Verb Constructions, – 어 두다 and – 어 놓다 Korean Auxiliary verb construction(AVC)s • Developed from the corresponding main verbs through syntactic • and semantic changes (i. e. grammaticalization) SVC AVC (Oh, 1998; Rhee, 1996; Sohn, 1999; You, 1996) When –어 두 and –어 놓 is used as SVC • Both verbs have a semantic feature of “placement” • 존이 컵을 찬장에 올려 두었다 / 존이 컵을 찬장에 올려 놓았다. • -어 두- has a semantic features of “preservation” When –어 두 and –어 놓 is used as AVC • Both verbs have a semantic feature of “completion” and “maintaining the result”. • 존이 숙제를 해 놓았다. / 존이 숙제를 해 두었다. • 어 두 has a semantic feature of “preparedness”.
Method Corpus: Sejong SEM-tagged corpus • 13, 000 ecel • Semantic & Part-of-Speech Tagged corpus Procedure and Tools • Extract target constructions: “Hanmaru” • “두/vx” or “놓/vx” (vx: auxilairy verb, vv: verb) • “두”: 4238 tokens / “놓”: 9715 tokens • Modify the extracted data secondary corpus • Extract “collexeme” (“main verbs and suffixes. ”): • “TEXTSTAT 2. 1” using “Regular Expression” Covarying Collexeme Analysis (Running statistics): “R” with the script “Coll. Analysis 3. 1”
Sejong Sem-tagged corpus
First extracted data with Hanmaru
Modified secondary corpus
Second extracted data with Textstat 2. 1
Summary In the Korean AVC, main verbs and the suffixes of auxiliary verbs interact each other in some ways. CCA can be used to detect grammatical units and direction to grammaticalization/lexicalization. (e. g. , 제쳐두고, 말해 두지 만, 빼 놓을 수 없는 것이, 드러내 놓고…) CCA shows that the selection of the main verb and suffixes of the auxiliary verb are closely related to the prototype meaning of the auxiliary verb. (제쳐두고, 남겨두고, 접어두고 / 앉혀두 고, 불러두고, 모아두고, 시켜두고…) With the suffixes such as –어서 and -으니 “since, ” the selectional restriction of main verb in an AVC can be unconfined. (많아 놔서, 추워 놓으니)
Pedagogical Implication CCA can be used to detect conventionalized expressions or emergenting grammatical units. • Other AVC, SVC • 명사구 보문 구문: Vㄴ/ㄹ/는+의존명사/명사+조사 • 기타: N 1적인 N 2, V 1도록 V 2 Teaching Korean AVCs: -어 두- and –어 놓- construction • Teaching as a chunk: “만사 제쳐 두고, ” “미리 말해 두지만”, “~중 • 에 빼 놓을 수 없는 것은 ~이다”, “드러내 놓고”… Some expressions are not fixed but still shows preference in the choice of lexeme. Use them as examples in developing teaching material. (차를 세워둔 채, 숨겨둔 돈을, 아들을 앉혀놓 고 이야기를 시작했다, 자장면을 시켜놓고 전화를 걸었다)
Thank you
References Choe, H. (1965). Urimalpon (Our Grammar). Seoul: Cengumsa. Choi, S. (2003). Serial verbs and the empty category. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the workshop on Multi-Verb constructions, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim. Jang, M. -r. (2000). Hankwuke poco yongenui sangcek yangthaycek uimi kinungkwa thongsacek thukcing (The aspectual & modal meaning of Korean auxiliary verbs and their syntactic properties). Paytalmal, 38, 33 -59 Lee, H. -S. (2001). kwukeui sang cheykyeywa poco yongenui sangcek uimi (On the aspectual system and aspectual meaning of auxiliary verbs in Korean). kwunehak, 38, 209 -253. Lee, K. -D. (1979). cotongsa 'nohta'ui uimi yenku (A study of the Korean auxiliary verb 'nohta'). Hangul, 163, 465 -496. Lee, K. -D. (1993). A Korean Grammar on Semantic-Pragmatic Principles. Seoul: Hankwukmwunhwasa. Martin, S. E. (1992). A reference grammar of Korean : a complete guide to the grammar and history of the Korean language (1 st ed. ). Rutland, Vt. ; Tokyo: C. E. Tuttle. Oh, S. -s. (1998). A syntactic and semantic study of Korena auxiliaries: a grammarticalization perspective. University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI. Rhee, S. (1996). Semantics of Verbs and Grammaticalization: The Development in Korean from a Cross-linguistics Perspective. University of Texas at Austin Sohn, H. -M. (1999). The Korean language. Cambridge, U. K. ; New York: Cambridge University Press. Sohn, S. (1994). poco yongenui uimiey kwanhan yenku (A study of the meaning auxiliary predicate). Hangul, 223(107 -223). Stefanowitsch, A. , & Gries, S. T. (2003). Collostructions: Investigating the interaction between words and constructions. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 8(2), 209243. You, S. -H. (1996). Argument licensing in complex verbal constructions in Korean. Unpublished Ph. D. , University of Hawai'i, United States -- Hawaii.
Semantic features of 두다 and 놓다 Shared semantic features of 두다 and 놓다 The distinctive meaning of 두다 • “movement and placement of the patient” • ‘to place something where under agent’s control’ (Lee 1993) • Focus is on the goal argument: ‘to place something for future use • or with agent’s intention’ (e. g. , 컵을 찬장에 두다) ‘to keep’ 보유하다 Prototype meaning The distinctive meanings of 놓다 • ‘to release something’ (out of agent’s control) (Lee 1993; Jung • • • 2007) (e. g. , 컵을 손에서 놓다) Focus is on the source argument Prototype meaning ‘to release’ 벗어나게 하다 ‘to place something onto a place’ (with the goal argument) Focus is on the goal argument (e. g. , 컵을 책상 위에 놓다) ‘to place’ 있게 하다. Extended meaning
Result: Covarying collexeme of – 어 두 - construction -e twu제쳐 두고 남겨 두고 알아 둬야 세워 둔 해 두자 모아 둔 밝혀 둔다 말해 두지만 내버려 두지 접어 두고 해 두어야 쌓아 둔 내버려 둬 숨겨 둔 덥어 두기 묶어 두려 덥어 두려 묶어 둘 알아 둘 받아 두었 # of main verb 53 257 111 120 199 89 42 41 287 72 199 87 287 69 76 71 111 20 # of suffix 756 206 772 33 772 133 10 147 756 206 772 52 772 133 14 14 241 750 joint feq 45 107 27 52 13 41 12 5 30 33 26 34 14 28 11 4 4 13 17 11 log 10 -value 25. 859 19. 682 12. 051 10. 054 9. 041 9. 008 8. 563 7. 796 7. 629 7. 519 6. 002 5. 61 5. 495 5. 477 5. 28 4. 989 4. 716 4. 548 4. 196 4. 079
Result: Covarying collexeme of – 어 놓 - construction -e twu빼 놓을 드러내 놓고 바꿔 놓을 앉혀 놓고 불러 놓고 말해 놓고 세워 놓고 제쳐 놓고 파 놓은 돼 놔서 시켜 놓고 옮겨 놓으면서 이뤄 놓은 끝내 놓고 바꿔 놓는 제쳐 놓더라도 정해 놓고 쏟아 놓는 내려 놓으시 옮겨 놓다가 # of main verb 47 78 201 87 44 63 256 70 42 6 45 175 28 17 201 70 120 76 23 175 # of suffix 236 3229 3229 2172 42 3229 16 2172 3229 325 7 3229 325 41 7 joint feq 24 59 27 62 37 48 141 50 28 4 35 7 21 17 25 4 70 13 4 4 log 10 -value 25. 653 12. 47 11. 886 11. 129 10. 475 10. 448 10. 35 9. 149 8. 382 8. 243 8. 183 8. 085 7. 846 7. 7 7. 387 6. 966 6. 723 5. 64 5. 539 5. 363
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