Course Schedule cont two Principles of Testing Principles

Course Schedule (con’t) two Principles of Testing Principles of Assessment Conducting a PPC Tolerances

Course Schedule two Principles of Testing Principles of Assessment Conducting a PPC Tolerances

Principles of Testing Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout

Principles of Testing Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout

Principles of Testing General Principles A good test should be: 1) Valid 2) Reliable 3) Comprehensive 4) Discriminating 5) Objective

Principles of Testing Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Validity Self-study handout

Validity Does test measure what it is supposed to measure? 1) make the test realistic 2) make the test complete 3) apply standards carefully 4) no test of items outside std

Validity Example Which is the most valid? 1) describe action in briefing 2) simulate action in aircraft 3) do action in aircraft 4) do action in simulator

Principles of Testing Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Reliability Self-study handout

Reliability How accurately does it measure what it measures? Must be consistent: 1) Avoid extremes - distractions - aircraft - weather 2) Plan compensations (eg. V 1) - beforehand - carefully

Reliability Example Which test is most reliable? 1) PPC in marginal VFR weather 2) PPC in good weather, light winds 3) PPC in good weather, strong winds 4) PPC in IFR weather near minima

Principles of Testing Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout Comprehensive

Comprehensiveness The test must include all the relevant sequences - important "need to know" info - do not focus on details - vary the program from test to test - change approaches, sequences, emergencies (where discretion)

Comprehensiveness Example Which test is most comprehensive? 1) departure, steep turns, hold, NDB, ILS 2) dep, hold, ILS, VOR 3) dep, hold, ILS, VOR 4) dep, steep turns, LOC (BC), PAR

Principles of Testing Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout Discriminating

Discrimination Detects different levels of achievement - separate qualified from unqualified - this is main goal of test - rank those who are qualified - use overall performance for borderline cases

Discrimination Example Which test is most discriminating? 1) no oral test before flight 2) oral test before flight with general briefing 3) oral test and specific test sequences 4) oral test before and during flight

Principles of Testing Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Objective Self-study handout

Objectivity Test outcome must not be affected by personal examiner 1) do not impose your own standards 2) adhere to standards in FM, SOP, AOM and DCP Manual 3) do not let rating errors affect your assessment 4) carefully record events as they occur

Objectivity Example Which written assessment is most objective? 1) poor judgment during emergency 2) excessive swing during engine fail 3) altitude 100 ft low inbd to beacon 4) airspeed unstable on final

Principles of Testing Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout

Common Rating Errors 1) Error of Standards 2) Error of Central Tendency 3) Error of Halo 4) Error of Logic 5) Error of Familiarity 6) Error of Narrow Criterion

Principles of Testing Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout Error of centra tendancy

Error of Central Tendency Rate of performance at centre of scale Hesitant to give excellent or poor ratings Affects all assessments by this observer Most common with inexperienced observers

Principles of Testing Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout Error of Standards

Error of Standards Use personal standards to rate others If good at it - rate harder If poor at it - rate easier Affects all assessments by this observer

Principles of Testing Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout Error of Halo

Error of halo Allow general impression to affect rating Can be favourable or unfavourable Affects only certain persons rated Can include stereotypes

Principles of Testing Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout Error of Logic

Error of Logic When several similar traits Traits are related in mind of observer Could relate engine fail at V 1 to SE landing Observer generally not aware of error

Principles of Testing Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout Error of Familiarity

Error of Familiarity Grading objectivity weakened n Accustomed to weaknesses and eccentricities n Occurs over long period of time n Stop and regain perspective n

Principles of Testing Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout Error of Narrow Criterion

Error of Narrow Criterion Related to assigning rating n Often occurs in assessing two-crew or multi -crew assessments n One who does the best of perhaps a marginal performance obtains a high rating n

Principles of Testing Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout

Course Schedule day 2 Principles of Testing Principles of Assessment Conducting a PPC Tolerances

Principles of Assessment Outline PPC general guidelines Assessment format Overall assessment

Principles of Assessment Outline PPC general guidelines Assessment format Overall assessment

PPC general guidelines 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Take note soon after event Terminate test if failure Allowance for turbulence No advice, criticisms, training or demonstrations Create realistic scenarios Do not simulate multiple, unrelated failures

PPC general guidelines (con’t) 7) PPC - Use Designated Check Pilot Manual 8) Simulated weather at or below minimums 9) Need a "U" to fail 10) Take weather info into account in scenarios 11) PNF responsible if gross deviations, violations

Performance Assessment According to the following publications: • DCP Manual PPC - AFM - AOM, Pilot Operating Handbook - Operations Manual - SOP Manual IFT - Instrument Procedures Manual - Approach Procedures (Jepp) - Company Procedures

Principles of Assessment Outline PPC general guidelines Assessment format Overall assessment

PPC Assessment Format S exercise flown within acceptable tolerances and procedures correct and effective SB a brief excursion from the criteria or a deviation from standard practices. Corrected by acknowledging the deviation during de-briefing; or regaining the criteria during flight U gross excursions from acceptable tolerances or a violation of airspace or clearance or a fault in procedure that could create an unsafe or ineffective situation

PPC Assessment Format S - Minor errors only - Airspeed and altitude control acceptable - Handling and knowledge are acceptable and safe considering the experience of the candidate

PPC Assessment Format U - Endanger aircraft, passenger, crew; - It results in a crash; - Multiple errors made in one exercise; - Violates ATC clearance or an altitude; - Major deviation from standard procedures or practices or safety was jeopardized; - Candidate required continued prompting or help from other candidate; - It exceeds aircraft limitations; or - Candidates demonstrates unsatisfactory knowledge of systems, equipment, or

PPC Assessment Format SB - Aircraft handling and knowledge are safe but of a lower standard that can be corrected by briefing; - Brief excursion from tolerances but corrected promptly; - Deviated from SOP but did not create a more hazardous situation and is clarified by candidate - Candidate experienced some difficulty or required slight prompting to accomplish the task

Principles of Assessment Outline PPC general guidelines Assessment format Overall assessment

Overall Performance • is it safe and effective? • are criteria broken? • are any fail points done? • is crew concept used? • are crew in control of situation? • are procedues known and executed? • are limitations adhered to? • does an error create an unsafe situation? • are errors recognized and corrected? • would you send your family with this pilot?

Course Schedule day 2 Principles of Testing Principles of Assessment Conducting a PPC/IFT Tolerances

Conducting a PPC Outline Flight test requirements - PPC Pre-flight preparation/briefing Flight test scenarios Safe checking practices Post-flight briefing Written comments

Conducting a PPC Outline Flight test requirements PPC Pre-flight preparation/briefing Flight test scenarios Safe checking practices Post-flight briefing Written comments

PPC Requirements PRE-FLIGHT - Flt planning - weather, fuel, NOTAMs, W&B - IFR x-country exercise for initials - Cockpit checks and ident of NAVAIDS - Read back and interpretation of an ATC clearance - Take-off and passenger briefings DEPARTURE AND ENROUTE - Transition to instruments - Climb and level flight - Use of NAVAIDS and adherence to ATC clearance

PPC Requirements (con’t) AIRWORK - Applicant Should Perform: Medium and steep turns • Hold • Tracking on VOR and NDB • Failure of AI and DI - timed turns, S&L - climbs and descents - optional for renewals •

PPC Requirements (con’t) TERMINAL PROCEDURES • Transition to approach should be flown • At least 2 approaches to minima - ILS and NPA required for initials - different approaches if possible - NDB recommended • Missed approach • Circling (optional) • Landing from an instrument approach EMERGENCIES • One asymmetric approach should be done • No multiple unrelated failures

PPC Additional Requirements Typical Large Type Aircraft • 2 T/O's • 2 landings (one asymmetric) • asymmetric instrument approach • engine fail after T/O • RTO (mandatory in SIM) • engine fail on rejected ldg/MAP • circling if company limits<1000/3 refer to DCP Manual Chap 7 Schedule I

PPC Additional Requirements Typical Small Type Aircraft • 2 T/O's • 2 landings (one assymetric) • steep turns • approach to stall - ldg and T/O • RTO (mandatory in SIM) refer to DCP Manual Chap 7 Schedule II

Conducting a PPC Outline Flight test requirements - PPC Pre-flight preparation/briefing Flight test scenarios Safe checking practices Post-flight briefing Written comments

Pre-Flight Preparation • Before meeting candidate - check weather - applicant's info - plan IFR x-country exercise - plan oral questions • After meeting candidate - ensure admission req'ts met - ensure aircraft is ready for IFR flight - check accuracy of log, flt plan, W&B - test knowledge of weather and NOTAMs - test IFR knowledge and aircraft limitations

Oral Questions Valuable part of any flight test • Can be used to identify changes • Can provide feedback on weak training areas • Ask "why" questions • Cover only "need-to-know" material • Vary questions from test to test •

Aircraft Limitations "Need to know" a/c speeds if not familiar with type: Vref Vr Hold Vmca Engine out approach • Use these briefed speeds to assess speed control

Aircraft IFR Requirements ( general aviation requirements) - Radio, 2 nav radios, aircraft instruments - C of A, C of R, - Journey log book - Compass swing (12 months) - Static pressure check (24 months) - Altimeter certified (24 months) - Weight and Balance report - Radio station license

Pre-Flight Briefing • private location, calm atmosphere • entire flight is IMC at minimum • clear who is PIC • description of major test components • responsibility for radios and clncs • cockpit checks to be done per SOP • crew responsibilities and coordination • emergencies - use of "SIMULATED" • how engine failure to be simulated • "FIELD IN SIGHT" or overshoot • candidates QUESTIONS

Conducting a PPC Outline Flight test requirements - PPC Pre-flight preparation/briefing Flight test scenarios - Exercise Safe checking practices Post-flight briefing Written comments

Flight Test Scenarios • Make efficient use of time • Create realistic scenarios • Liaise with ATC early • No overloading • Minimize re-positioning in Sim • Use proper ATC terminology

Conducting a PPC Outline Flight test requirements - PPC Pre-flight preparation/briefing Flight test scenarios Safe checking practices Post-flight briefing Written comments

Safe Checking Practices • Check Pilot assuming crew duties • RTO • Engine fail after V 1 • Rejected landing with engine fail • Engine out landing • Approach to stall

De-Brief After Flight Test • Advise points in order • Include location, atmosphere, tone • Quiet location no distraction

Conducting a PPC Outline Flight test requirements - PPC Pre-flight preparation/briefing Flight test scenarios Safe checking practices Post-flight briefing Written comments

Post-Flight Briefing Pass • • • advise applicant of outcome establish a positive atmosphere highlight above-average performance de-brief as per written notes identity major (possibly minor) errors Fail • • • advise applicant of outcome establish a positive atmosphere highlight above average performance explain reasons for failure de-brief other major errors advise regarding training and re-test

Conducting a PPC Outline Flight test requirements - PPC Pre-flight preparation/briefing Flight test scenarios Safe checking practices Post-flight briefing Written comments

Written Comments • Should be factual • Clear and concise • Must support assessment • Required for "U" and "SB" • No sermons or teaching • Relate assessments to PPC tolerances

Course Schedule day 2 Principles of Testing Principles of Assessment Conducting a PPC Tolerances

PPC Tolerances Outline Statistics DCP Manual PPC fail points DCP Manual tolerances: 6. 8. 8

PPC/IFT Tolerances Outline Statistics ACP Manual IFT fail points PPC fail points ACP Manual tolerances

IFT Failure Items RENEWAL INITIAL NDB 28% HOLD 23% ILS 13% TRANSITION 8% LOC 5% VOR 5% DEPARTURE 5% NDB 29% HOLD 26% ILS 26% DEPARTURE 7% TRANSITION 6% FLT. PLANNING 6% HANDLING 4%

PPC Tolerances Outline Statistics DCP Manual PPC fail points DCP Manual tolerances

DCP Criteria from DCP Manual 6. 8. 8 -assigned headings within 10 degrees -assigned tracks and bearings within 10 degrees -altitude within 100 ft except at MDA when accurate altitude control is required -airspeed within 10 knots for holding, approach, and missed approach; and -not more than half scale deflection, as appropriate to aircraft type, of course deviation indicators during instrument approaches -assumes no unusual circumstances; wx, turbulence, malfunction(s), and type of approach may modify tolerances

fail Points • Outside DCP Manual, AFM, IFR Procedures • No check of flt instruments before flight • No check or incorrect use of icing systems • No check of electrical charging system • Wrong altimeter setting • Vital actions checklist item missed • Non-compliance with ATC clearance • No communication with ATC when required • No ident or monitor of NAVAIDs • Comm fail procedures • Inability to establish cleared holding pattern

Tolerance Example 1 Take-off • Loss of directional control • Wrong corrective action for swing • Exceeding airframe or engine limitations • Rotation before Vr • Failure to comply with departure clearance • Vital action check missed

Tolerance Example 2 Intstrument Approaches • Loss of separation due to failure to follow clearance • No prompt corrective action when DCP criteria exceeded • Unable to complete a successful landing • Exceeding airframe or engine limitations

Tolerance Example 3 Systems Malfunctions • Vital action check missed • Missing a check which could create an unsafe situation • Exceeding airframe or engine limitations Missed Approach • Not following published procedure or clearance

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