Course Plan https web iitd ac inpmvscoursemcl 822

Course Plan https: //web. iitd. ac. in/~pmvs/course_mcl 822. php • Information will be made available: – Course contents & References. – Evaluation and Attendance Policies. – Tutorial Classes…. – Reading material:

Origin & History of Steam and Gas Turbines : Introduction P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department I I T Delhi An Intellectual Invention of Work Transfer Flow Devices for Biological Needs & Inventions

Constitutive Equations in Thermal Sciences • A constitutive relation approximates the observed physical behaviour of a material under specific conditions of interest. • To summarize, constitutive relations are required for two reasons: • To bring in the material dependence in the force displacement relation. • To bridge the gap between the number of unknowns and the available equations while trying to develop a force displacement relation. • Newtons law of viscosity. • Fouriers law of conduction. • Newtons law of Cooling. Etc….

Constitutive Nature of Flow Devices and Work Transfer The Devices for Development of Huge Industries… Pressure Field, p Transactions Across A Control Volume patm A Travel by Fluid

An Exotic Human Need : The Origin & Evolution of an Invention

Thermodynamic Classification of Living Species Life on Earth Carbon Energy Reservoirs Autotrophs Heterotrophs Extra-Somatic Heterotrophs

The Extrasomatic Actions of Humans

The Greatest Extra-somatic Action Invention of FIRE, FLAME and TORCH • Fire is a discovery rather than an invention. • Homo erectus probably discovered fire by accident. • Fire was most likely given to man as a 'gift from the heavens' when a bolt of lightning struck a tree or a bush, suddenly starting it on fire. • The flaming touch and the campfire probably constituted early man's first use of 'artificial' lighting. • As early as 400, 000 BC, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking man. • Prehistoric man, used primitive lamps to illuminate his cave. • Various Oils were used as fuels.

Extra-somatism : Learning & Teaching Skills

Evolution of Human Dietary Quality

Invention for Conservation : The First Civilized Extrasomatic Action!!!!! Fire Can only Heat Solids !!!!!

A Search for Ubuntu Device …. • • • A generous, hospitable, friendly, caring and compassionate. They share what they have/get/earn……. . A person with ubuntu is open and available to others……. Various religions identified them as Mediators. Business Mediators. Energy Mediators – A first step in Civilization and Development…

Earliest Types of Heat Exchangers : Ubuntu Devices for Infusion of KE • Primitive humans may first have savoured roast meat by chance, when the flesh of a beast killed in a forest fire was found to be more palatable and easier to chew and digest than the customary raw meat. • They probably did not deliberately cook food, though, until long after they had learned to use fire for light and warmth. • It has been speculated that Peking man roasted meats, but no clear evidence supports theory. • During Palaeolithic Period, Aurignacian people of southern France apparantly began to steam their food over hot embers by wrapping it in wet leaves. • Crude procedures – as toasting wild grains on flat rocks and using shells, skulls, – or hollowed stones to heat liquids. • Introduction of pottery during the Neolithic Period. • A paste, toasted to crustiness when dropped on a hot stone, made the first bread.

Mechanical Power for Extra-somatic Need 14

Are the Solutions Well Thought? Displacement Work : Dangerous & Inhuman Technologies

The Major Break Through Research due to extrasomatic Behaviour…. In search of Artificial Mechanical Power

The Aelopile • In 130 BC. Hero, a Greek mathematician and scientist is credited with inventing the first practical application of steam power, the aelopile.

Branca's Steam Turbine • In 1629, Giovanni Branca, of the Italian town of Loretto, described, in a work' published at Rome, a number of ingenious contrivances.

History of Unsuccessful Turbine • The first device that may be classified as a reaction steam turbine was little more than a toy, the classic Aeolipile, described in the 1 st century by Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria in Roman Egypt. • More than a thousand years later, in 1543, Spanish naval officer Blasco de Garay used a primitive steam machine to move a ship in the port of Barcelona. • In 1551, Taqi al-Din in Ottoman Egypt described a steam turbine with the practical application of rotating a spit. • Steam turbines were also described by the Italian Giovanni Branca (1629) and John Wilkins in England (1648). [7] The devices described by al-Din and Wilkins are today known as steam jacks.

Emergence of Steam Turbine • The modern manifestation of turbine, invented by Sir Charles Parsons (1884) has almost completely replaced the reciprocating piston steam engine primarily because of its greater thermal efficiency and higher power-to-weight ratio. • Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical generator – about 80% of all electricity generation in the world is by use of steam turbines. • The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much • of its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency through the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible process.

History of Gas Turbines • 1791: A patent was given to John Barber, an Englishman, for the first true gas turbine. • His invention had most of the elements present in the modern day gas turbines. • The turbine was designed to power a horseless carriage. • 1872: The first true gas turbine engine was designed by Dr Franz Stikze, but the engine never ran under its own power. • 1903: A Norwegian, Ægidius Elling, was able to build the first gas turbine that was able to produce more power than needed to run its own components, which was considered an achievement in a time when knowledge about aerodynamics was limited.

Steam Vs Gas Turbines Steam Turbine Gas Turbine External Combustion Internal Combustion Works at the mercy of Heat Transfer No impact of Heat Transfer Heavy infrastructure Light infrastructure Working fluid is recycled Working fluid is refreshed Working fluid behaves cleverly and suitably changes its phase Remains gaseous. Very low internal consumption of work. Huge internal consumption of work. Relative more efficient Relatively pure efficiency. Best suited for Stationary Power Packs Best suited for Mobile Stations

Historical Debate : Steam Turbine Vs Gas Turbine • Experience gained from a large number of exhaust-gas turbines for diesel engines, a temp. of 538°C was considered absolutely safe for uncooled heat resisting steel turbine blades. • This would result in obtainable outputs of 2000 -8000 KW with compressor turbine efficiencies of 73 -75%, and an overall cycle efficiency of 17 -18%. • First Gas turbine electro locomotive 2500 HP ordered from BBC by Swiss Federal Railways • The advent of high pressure and temperature steam turbine with regenerative heating of the condensate and air pre-heating, resulted in coupling efficiencies of approx. 25%.