Course Master of Development Management MDM Subject Policy
Course: Master of Development Management (MDM) Subject: Policy & Development (PD) Lecture 1: Introduction; What is Policy, Public Policy? 1
Introduction Public Policy Development Global HR Forum, 2009 by Prof. Martin Feldstein, Harvard University USA GDP Capital Stock Equipment; Infrastructure; Private sector Company Investment Policy Labor Forces Education; Skilled labor at all levels Education Policy Technology Management High-tech industries Information Technology Policy on Technology Transfer Skilled management Utilize local manager Policy on Utilizing Executive 2
Policy & Development (PD) The prime goal of a new online consultation launched by the European Commission is to set new objectives for the Union's youth policy for the coming years. Through questions like What are the ten main challenges? ' and What policies should the European Union focus on? ', the Commission aims to get to know more about the issues that have the most direct impact on young people in the member states as well as in Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein and the candidate countries. 3
Introduction Seven Sound Public Policy Principles (By Lawrence Reed, June 2006) 1. Free people are not equal, and equal people are not free; 2. What belongs to you, you tend to take care of; what belongs to no one or everyone tends to fall into disrepair; 3. Sound policy requires that we consider long-run effects and all people, not simply short-run effects and a few people; 4. If you encourage something, you get more of it; if you discourage something, you get less of it; 4
Introduction Seven Sound Public Policy Principles (cont. ) 5. Nobody spends somebody else's money as carefully as he spends his own; 6. Government has nothing to give anybody except what it first takes from somebody, and a government that's big enough to give you everything you want is big enough to take away everything you've got; and 7. Liberty makes all the difference in the world. 5
Social Context Social conditions affect policy decisions in many ways, as is evident in controversies over a diverse as urban population increase due to migration, inner-city crime rates, and environmental pollution. 6
Social Context Social conditions are dynamic, not static. The population changes because of migration, growth in nontraditional households, and lower or higher birth rates. 7
Social Context These social changes in turn alter how the public and policymakers view and act on problems ranging from crime to the rising cost of health care and environmental education. 8
Understanding Policy: A Personal Approach As individuals we have policies, based on values and interests, that guide how we act in specific circumstances. Other levels of society also have policies. 9
UNDERSTANDING POLICY: A PERSONAL APPROACH Individuals have policies: I always wear mask in public area…interest health safety I always shop locally. . value one’s own community support 10
Understanding Policy: A Personal Approach Families have policies: We always say grace before eating supper. . value spirituality We limit telephone calls to 10 minutes. . value respect for the needs of others 11
Understanding Policy: A Personal Approach Organizations have policies: Personnel policies (hiring, vacation leave, salary levels, office size, etc. ) Operational policies (shift scheduling, client complaints, inventory control, etc. ) 12
Understanding Policy: A Personal Approach Governments have policies: Government policies, also known as public policies, guide decisions and actions that relate to society as a whole. Public policies are developed by state, municipal and provincial levels of government. 13
What is Policy? Policy (n), pl. policies – a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual (New Oxford English Dictionary). A policy is a declaration that defines the intention of a community, organization or government’s goals and priorities. Policies outline the role, rules and procedures. They create a framework within which the administration and staff can perform their assigned duties” (Mayer & Thompson, 1982). 14
What is Public Policy? Whatever governments choose to do or not to do. . (Dye, 1972) A broad guide to present and future decisions, selected in light of given conditions from a number of alternatives; the actual decision or set of decisions designed to carry out the chosen course of actions; a projected program consisting of desired objectives (goals) and the means of achieving them. . (Daneke and Steiss, 1978) 15
What is public policy? Public policy is a course of government action or inaction in response to public problems. 16
What is public policy? Public policy is what public officials within government, and by extension the citizens they represent, choose to do or not to do about public problems. 17
What is public policy? Public problems refer to conditions the public widely perceives to be unacceptable and therefore requiring intervention. 18
What is public policy? Problems such as environmental degradation, threats to workplace safety, or insufficient access to health care services can be addressed through government action, private action (individuals or corporations take the responsibility) or a combination of the two. 19
What is public policy? In any given case, the choice depends on how the public defines the problem and on prevailing societal attitudes about private action in relation to the government’s role. 20
What is public policy? Any level of government, whether federal, state, or local, may be involved in a particular policy effort because social problems, and the public demand for action on them, manifest themselves from the local to the national level. 21
What is public policy? At the national level, concern about inequitable access to health care or the country’s heavy reliance on imported oil may alert policymakers and lead to policy development. 22
What is public policy? At the local level, high crime rates, crowded highways, economic downturn, or air pollution might attract enough attention to spur the mayor, minister or city council to find remedies. 23
Examples A discussion paper drafted by the French EU Presidency notes that family policy, and in particular the development of child care facilities and better work-life balance, represents a key element of taking up the challenge of the ageing of the population. 24
Examples These efforts must be structured on two areas: encouraging free choice for families (choice of working or reducing professional activity to take care of the children); and diversifying child care facilities. 25
Examples In this context, the introduction of market mechanisms must continue and be stepped up, but it is "difficult to imagine that such mechanisms can be developed without strong support from the public authorities". 26
Group exercises Prepare a policy document on the protection of children on the internet. 2. Develop a policy document in response to the critical issue of child prostitution. 1. 27
Group exercises Prepare a policy paper on how to deal with the chaotic traffic situation in Phnom Penh. You are the Major of Phnom Penh Capital - outline your policies for Phnom Penh Capital to ensure the environment of the Capital improved with sustainable manner. 28
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