Course Functional English Functional English is usage of

Course Functional English

• Functional English is usage of the English language required to perform a specific function. This is typically taught as a foundation subject as a good command of English is often required for academic study and career progression.

Overview • Aim This course introduces the basic grammatical/structural rules of English Language. • Lectures per week Total 3 hrs Monday & Tuesday from 9: 15 – 10: 45 AM

• Course contents • Parts of speech (Nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Articles) • Tenses (Present, Past, Future) • Sentences (Types and Parts of sentences, Direct and indirect speech, Active and Passive voice) • Composition (Describing, Narrating, Argumentation) • Comprehension • Summary/Precise writing • Vocabulary (Synonyms, Antonyms, Idioms and general vocabulary)

Reference Works • High School English Grammar and composition by Wren & Martin. • Practical English Grammar by A. J. Thomson & A. V. Martinet. Exercises 1& 2. 3 rd edition. Oxford University Press. • Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Christine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand & Francoise Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills. 4 th Impression 1993.

• Reading. Upper Intermediate. Brian Tomilson & Rod Ellis. Oxford Supplementary Skills. 3 rd Impression 1992. • Precise writing by R. Dhillon. • Systems Student Companion English for lower secondary schools by Magdalene Chew & Surinder Kaur. • Learners Companion Series Vocabulary by George Davidson.

• Word Power Made Easy by Norman Lewis. • Understand & Communicate (book 2 and published by FEP International (Pvt. ) Ltd) • Concepts (book 3 & 4) by P. C. Wren

Parts of speech

Parts of Speech? • Words are divided into different kinds or classes according to their use, that is according to the work they do in a sentence • Traditional class of words according to the function they perform in a sentence

• There are nine parts of speech. • They are: – articles, – nouns, – pronouns, – adjectives, – verbs, – adverbs, – conjunctions, – prepositions, and – interjections. A word can be more than one part of speech.

NOUNS • A noun is a word used to name something: – a person/animal, – a place, – a thing, or – an idea. For example, all of the following are nouns. – Mouse, Elephant, Aslam, Salim, mother, father – Japan, America, Atlanta – pencil, store, music, air, house, ring – Grief, democracy, courage, independence

CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS Nouns are classified in several ways… – Nouns can be singular or plural • Singular nouns name only one person, place, thing or idea. e. g. an apple, a pencil, the book • Plural nouns name two or more persons, places, things or ideas. e. g. apples, pencils, books

Ø Most singular nouns (Not ALL) are made plural by adding –s. For example, pencil is a singular noun. The word pencils is a plural noun. – Exception #1: If a noun ends with the –s, sh, ch, or x like the words, kiss, church, ash or box, then they are made plural by adding –es (kisses, churches, ashes, and boxes). – Exception #2: There also irregular nouns that do not follow any rules. For example, the plural form of the word child is children.

- Nouns can be Proper Nouns or Common Nouns . Proper nouns refer to specific people, places, things and ideas. They are always capitalized. A person's name (e. g. Akram) and place (e. g. America) is a proper noun. – People’s names and titles- King Henry, Mrs. Smith – Names for deity, religions, religious followers, and sacred books- God, Allah, Buddha, Islam, Muslims, Christians, Quran, Bible – Races, nationalities, tribes, and languages- African American, Polish-American, Black, Chinese, Russian

– Specific places like countries, cities, bodies of water, streets, buildings, and parks – Specific organizations- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), – Days of the week, months – Brand names of products – Historical periods, well-known events, and documents Middle ages, Round Table Conference, Magna Carta . Common nouns are all other nouns. A name given in common to every person or thing of the same class or kind. For example: cat, pencil, paper, etc. They are not capitalized unless they are the first word in the sentence.

– Nouns can also be collective. . Collective nouns are nouns that are grammatically considered singular, but include more than one person, place, thing, or idea in its meaning. . They are treated as singular because they emphasize the group as one unit. For example, words like army (a collection of soldiers), crowd (a collection of people). Other examples are team, group, jury, committee, audience, class, troop, family, team, couple, and society. The committee is going to make a decision

– Nouns can also be either countable or uncountable . Nouns that we can count are countable nouns. e. g. book, pen, apple, boy, sister . Nouns which cannot be counted are uncountable nouns e. g. milk, oil, sugar For example, one cannot go outside to have two fresh airs. One goes outside for fresh air.

– Nouns can be Abstract or concrete . Concrete nouns are nouns that one can touch. They are people, places, and some things. e. g. words like person, court, Georgia, pencil, hand, paper, car, and door are all examples of concrete nouns. . Abstract nouns are nouns that cannot be physically held. e. g. things like justice, safety, Democracy, faith, religion, etc. It is the name of a quality, action or state e. g. goodness, kindness, darkness, hardness Laughter, movement, hatred, judgement Sleep, death, poverty, childhood, youth