Course 1 Unit 1 The rationale for ecosan

Course 1 Unit 1 The rationale for ecosan and the Millennium Development Goals 1

Course 1 Unit 1 The rationale for ecosan and Millennium Development Goals Content: Part A: What does ecosan stand for? Part B: Why is there a need for ecosan? Part C: Ecosan, sanitation and MDGs 2

Course 1 Unit 1 Part A: What does ecosan stand for? 3

Course 1 Unit 1 What does ecosan stand for? § Technically, ecosan is short for ecological sanitation. § Ecological sanitation strives to bring the elements contained in wastewater streams back into the natural cycle (agriculture). o Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium: as fertiliser o Organic matter: as soil improver o Water: for irritgation purposes 4

Closing the loop approach The most important issue in ecosan is that the loop is closed. In most conventional wastewater treatment systems, the focus is on removal, of organic matter and nutrients. Yet, these components are also the core elements needed for crop production. This means they have still value. Moreover, the ecosan approach acts against the use of fresh water as a mere transportation system for our waste, which is typically applied in conventional full scale wastewater treatment. Summarizing: MATERIAL FLOW CYCLE instead of d. ISPOSAL http: //www. gtz. de/en/themen/umwelt-infrastruktur/wasser/8804. htm Within this unit, we will look in more depth into the how and why, and explain the details of the figure. 5

What is ecosan? § Ecosan stands for “ecological sanitation” § Ecosan is a new “philosophy”, or “paradigm shift” § Ecosan is based on a holistic view of material flows: what has in the past been regarded as a waste for disposal is now regarded as a resource § Ecosan is not one specific technology § Ecosan may or may not use special (urine diverting) toilets 6

How does ecosan differ from other forms of sanitation? § Fundamentally, all forms of sanitation strive for the same: 1. To improve public health and the quality of life 2. To protect the environment § Sustainable sanitation asks for the 2 items listed above; additionally, it requires sustainability [not only in the sense that it will be there for a long time! See next slide] § Ecological sanitation also aims for the first 2 items, for sustainability, AND aims for closing the loop wherever possible. 7

Sustainability with respect to sanitation § We consider a sanitation solution sustainable if it: o is socially acceptable, o technically appropriate, o economically viable, o does not contribute to environmental degradation or depletion of the resource base, o protect and promote human health, and o is institutionally appropriate Kvarnström and af Petersens (2004) 8

STEPHI § Five categories for criteria: o Socio-cultural o Technical function o Economy o Physical environment o Health o Institutional Kvarnström and af Petersens (2004) Note: Sustainability is a relative indicator, not an absolute state (use it for comparisons) 9

Purposes of sustainability criteria § Useful tool in participatory processes § Provide a sound basis for the development of new technical and treatment standards § Useful tool to employ in the evaluation of existing sanitation systems 10

Names used in literature “Conventional Sanitation” § § Conventional sanitation system Open system “Flush-and-forget” (water-borne) or “drop-and-store” (dry) Centralised WWT Focus is on treatment and discharge “ecosan” § § § § Alternative sanitation system Closed-loop system Decentralised WWT * Low-water-use sanitation Resource oriented sanitation Environmental sanitation Sustainable sanitation Focus is on sustainability * May also fall into category of conventional sanitation 11

Common misconceptions about the ecosan concept § Ecosan = toilets with urine diversion and without flushing (i. e. limited to a certain toilet type) § Ecosan = waterless sanitation § Ecosan = sanitation without sewers § Ecosan only deals with toilets, nothing else § Ecosan is only for the poor and only for rural areas § Ecosan is a fringe activity which will never really compete with centralised sanitation systems § There is no room for scientific research in ecosan § Ecosan is only for developing countries § Ecosan cannot be practiced in cities 12

Course 1 Unit 1 The evolving definitions of ecosan “Ecosan is equal to. . . ”. . . urine-diversion dehydrating toilets and reuse (1980 s) Ti e m … systems that contain, sanitise and reuse (1990 s) … sanitation systems that strive to be sustainable (2000 to now) 13

Another bit of good news: The number of ecosan initiatives worldwide is growing rapidly 14

Course 1 Unit 1 Ecosan is an inter-disciplinary field . Civil/sanitary engineering Logistics Social sciences Financing, management, business Ecological sanitation Integrated Water Resources Management Agriculture, soil fertility Public health, hygiene education Hydrogeology (groundwater) Where do you fit in this diagram? 15

Course 1 Unit 1 What does sanitation consist of? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Excreta management (faeces, urine) Greywater management Industrial wastewater Solid waste management Drainage (for rainwater / stormwater) Sewage, or domestic wastewater All these areas are important. In this course, we focus mostly on point 1, secondly on point 2. Points 3 , 4 and 5 are not covered in this course (ecosan can also be applied to solid waste management; rainwater harvesting can play a role in drainage). Industrial wastewater typically requires a rather specific treatment). 16

Part B WHY IS THERE A NEED FOR ECOSAN? 17

Existing key sanitation problems in developing countries (“the sanitation crisis”) § Many environments are already seriously polluted, or rapidly becoming so § The population is affected by diseases caused by improper sanitation practices § Frequently, there are no institutional capabilities to deal with high-tech, advanced wastewater treatment plants § There is often a chronic shortage of freshwater (water of the right quality and quantity and at the right place) An example of this is given on the next slide for sub-Saharan Africa 18

Course 1 Unit 1 Makes you wonder whether using (potable) water to flush toilets is really such a good idea 19 http: //maps. grida. no/go/graphic/freshwater_stress_and_scarcity_in_africa_by_2025

Environmental pollutants from improper sanitation § Excessive amounts of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) cause eutrophication in receiving water bodies § Spread of pathogens into receiving water bodies and groundwater; pollution of drinking water sources § Conventional wastewater treatment plants (if they exist) often not designed for pathogen removal Eutrophication is the enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients, typically compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus, or both. In aquatic environments, enhanced growth of choking aquatic vegetation or phytoplankton (that is, an algal bloom) disrupts normal functioning of the ecosystem, causing a variety of problems (www. wikipedia. org). 20

Course 1 Unit 1 Conventional, “open” system (also called “end-of-pipe technology”) 21

Urban wastewater production 10 -40% Water supply Water demand L/cap/d 60 -90% L/cap/d E. g. The Netherlands e. g. landscape irrigation, product water, drinking, leakage Uses with wastewater production Wastewater collected (sewers) Treated effluent discharged to environment Uses without wastewater production Local untreated wastewater discharge Untreated wastewater discharged at end of sewer E. g. Most low-income countries Source: Metcalf & Eddy (2003), page 155 22

Problems with conventional, water-borne sanitation – 1/2 fertilizer production from finite resources (P) food (in many European countries) sewage sludge mixing of flows, misuse of drinking water for transport Wastewater treatment plant overexploitation of groundwater waste disposal in water bodies 90% untreated landfill / incineration 23 Source: www 2. gtz. de/ecosan/english/

Course 1 Unit 1 Problems with conventional, water-borne sanitation – 2/2 (“flush-and-forget”) § Unsatisfactory purification or uncontrolled discharge of more than 90% of wastewater worldwide § Severe water pollution and health risks § Consumption of water for transport of waste (often water is scarce) § Subsidisation of prosperous areas and neglect of poorer settlements is common § Loss of valuable nutrients and trace elements contained in excreta due to discharge into waters § Sewers often leak, to various degrees Source: www 2. gtz. de/ecosan/english/ 24

The “business as usual” approaches to (urban) sanitation A – Do nothing & ignore the problem (especially for slums) B – Underfunding (consistently more money to water supply and health/hospitals than to sanitation) C – Provide only sanitation solutions for the wealthy D – Provide pit latrines for the poor even in areas of high population density (unsustainable) 25

Course 1 Unit 1 Problems with conventional, on-site sanitation – “drop-and-store” Conventional on-site sanitation options: – – Simple pit latrines Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines Pour-flush latrines, aqua-privies Water flush toilets connected to septic tanks Common problems: – – – Odour, flies Overflowing pits, no space to dig new pits Pit latrines have to be outdoors (safety issues) No means of emptying pits/ septic tanks No means of treating faecal sludge Pit latrine Pit = hole in the ground, not water tight See also Course 2 Unit 2 (Conventional on-site sanitation) and Course 2 Unit 7 (Faecal sludge management) 26

A well maintained pit latrine, seen in Maseru, Lesotho (December 2006) 27

Pit latrines in urban areas can pollute the groundwater Pit latrine Groundwater (clean) Shallow drinking water well Groundwater (polluted) Nitrate Pathogens 28

Example picture to show the reality of the previous slide: peri-urban area in Lusaka, Zambia Pit latrine Shallow well to collect drinking water Photo: Kennedy Mayumbelo, Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company (2006) 29

Course 1 Unit 1 The little-known phenomenon of underground leaking sewers § Even the sewers in wealthy developed countries can, and do, leak o Leakages are difficult to monitor, since the whole system is underground o Since sewers are not pressurised, they leak less than the pressurised water supply pipes o Examples: • 9% of Germany’s 486, 000 km of sewer sytem requires immediate rehabilitation (according to a survey of 2001) (Wolf et al. , 2006, p. 11) • In Austin, Texas (USA): 5% of collected sewage is lost in leaking sewers (Garcia. Fresca, 2007) § Leaking sewers contribute to groundwater pollution • For example: Pharmaceutical residues have been detected in groundwater in Rastatt, Germany (originating from urine from leaking sewers) (Wolf et al. , 2006, p. 109) 30

Overflowing sewer manhole Kyalitsha, Cape Town, South Africa (January 2007) 31

Sewers can become a conveyer belt for pathogen transport! 32

Overflowing sewer manhole at informal settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa (January 2007) 33

Ecological sanitation: Closing the loop between sanitation and agriculture rainwater harvesting restoring soil fertility food agricultural use organic waste treatment / sanitisation faeces urine greywater reuse no waste disposal in water bodies 34 Source: www 2. gtz. de/ecosan/english/

Benefits of ecological sanitation (ecosan) § Improvement of health by minimising the introduction of pathogens from human excreta into the water cycle § Hygienic recovery and use of nutrients, organics, trace elements, water and energy § Preservation of soil fertility, improvement of agricultural productivity § Lower water consumption, substitution of mineral fertilizers See also lecture on “Safe reuse of urine, faeces and greywater in agriculture” (Course 3 Unit 1) 35 Source: www 2. gtz. de/ecosan/english/

Characteristics of a closed-loop sanitation system § Treats human excreta as a resource, not as a waste product § Processes human excreta on-site or off-site to make them safe (= sanitisation) § Recycles the nutrients back to agriculture 36

Course 1 Unit 1 Did you know that: … the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus that you excrete per year is equal to the amount which is needed to fertilise an area of land to produce the amount of cereal crops that you would eat in a year? A “perfect balance” Photo: Peter Morgan More info on these reuse aspects will come in sub-course 3 37

Multiple links between ecosan and improved health of people (particularly children) Source: Esrey et al. (2001), p. 58 38

Did you know that phosphorus (the key ingredient in fertiliser) is a limited resource? § At current rates of extraction (144 megatons per year) with no annual increase the commercially viable reserves will last 125 years § At 3% annual increase, this will be only 50 years § Morocco/West Sahara and China hold >70% of the global reserve § US cheap reserves will be depleted in 25 -30 years § By already 2020, rock phosphate may be the keystone resource of the world economy More info on these phosphorus aspects will come in sub-course 3 39

Now here is some good news: Two examples to show that ecosan is moving towards being a mainstream approach § WHO published in 2006 the new “Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater. Volume 4: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture” - this volume has embraced the ecosan concept § Sustainable Sanitation Alliance: around 50 multi- and bilateral organisations, NGOs and research institutions are part of this alliance to support the International Year of Sanitation 2008 – with a clear focus on sustainable sanitation (http: //www. gtz. de/en/themen/umweltinfrastruktur/wasser/19857. htm) 40

Course 1 Unit 1 Part C: Role of ecosan in Millennium Development Goals achievements Current world population: ~ 6. 4 billion (in 2006) Predicted future population: ~ 8. 1 billion (in 2030) (some slides in this Part C have been taken from another presentation, see credits on next slide) 41

Module M 1: Water and Sanitation in Regard to the Millennium Development Goals M 1 -1: Water and the MDGs Concept and ecosan expertise: Compiling of Information: Layout: Photo Credits: Text Credits: Financial support: Credits Johannes Heeb, Petter D. Jenssen, Ken Gnanakan Katharina Conradin Mostly Johannes Heeb & Katharina Conradin, otherwise as per credit. As per source indication. Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC) How to obtain the curriculum material Free download of PDF tutorials: www. seecon. ch www. ecosan. no www. gtz. de/ Order full curriculum CD: johannes. heeb@seecon. ch € 50 (€ 10 Developing Countries) petter. jenssen@umb. no Release: Feedback: experience Sources Copyright: authors long 1. 0, March 2006, 1000 copies Feedback regarding improvements, errors, of use etc. is welcome. Please notify the above email-addresses. Copyright of the individual sources lies with the or producing organizations. Copying is allowed as as references are properly acknowledged. seecon K. Conradin 42

Relevant websites for Millennium Development Goals § All information about UN Millennium Development Goals (targets and indicators) – http: //mdgs. un. org/unsd/mdg/Default. aspx § The latest Millennium Development Goals report 2012 – http: //www. wssinfo. org/fileadmin/user_upload/resource s/JMP-report-2012 -en. pdf 43

Relevant MDGs in sanitation context (1/2) Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability Target 10: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation Indicator: 29. Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source and basic/improved sanitation Target 11: By 2020, to have Indicator: achieved a significant improvement 30. Proportion of people with access to improved in the lives of at least 100 million sanitation slum dwellers 31. Proportion of people with access to secure tenure The definition for “basic” or “improved sanitation” will be discussed later in this Part C Source: http: //mdgs. un. org/unsd/mdg/Host. aspx? Content=Indicators/Official. List. htm 44

Relevant MDGs in sanitation context (2/2) Goal 4: Reduce child mortality Target 5: Reduce by two Indicators: -thirds, between 1990 13. Under-five mortality rate and 2015, the under-five 14. Infant mortality rate 15. Proportion of 1 year-old children immunised against measles Source: http: //mdgs. un. org/unsd/mdg/Host. aspx? Content=Indicators /Official. List. htm Why is child mortality relevant in the sanitation context? The link will be explained in the following slides. Source: http: //childinfo. org/areas/childmortality 45

Course 1 Unit 1 Millennium Development Goals, “quick wins” and ecosan Description Quick Win Solutiona Ecosan contribution Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Affordable fertilisers Training in health & farming Sanitised human excreta to be reused as fertiliser and soil conditioner Goal 4: Reduce child mortality N/A Better nutrition, less pollution of drinking water sources Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability Access to sanitation for schools Provide soil nutrients Improved sanitation; fertiliser; biogas; improved living conditions of slum dwellers a Definition of “quick win solution”: see www. unmillenniumproject. org Source: von Münch et al. (2006) 46

Why are water and sanitation so crucial? § 2. 1 million children die every year from diarrhoea 1 child every second (Source: (10)) § 5. 6 billion productive days are lost annually around the world due to diarrhoeal diseases (10) § 443 million school days are lost annually worldwide due to diarrhoeal diseases (11) § More than half the hospital beds in the world are filled with people suffering from water-related diseases (11) (see slide at end of Part C for full references) K. Conradin 47

Course 1 Unit 1 Some medical facts about diarrhoea § Diarrhea or diarrhoea is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the ancient Greek word διαρροή = leakage; lit. "to run through"). § Diarrhea is most commonly caused by viral infections or bacterial toxins. In sanitary living conditions and with ample food and water available, an otherwise healthy patient typically recovers from the common viral infections in a few days and at most a week. However, for ill or malnourished individuals diarrhea can lead to severe dehydration and can become life-threatening without treatment. § It can also be a symptom of more serious diseases, such as dysentery, cholera, or botulism and can also be indicative of a chronic syndrome such as Crohn’s disease. Source: www. wikipedia. org 48

Poor sanitation and related health problems Leading to morbidity (diseases) and mortality (death): Measured with the DALY (disability -adjusted life years, a measure for the overall "burden of disease”). This will be discussed further in Course 3 “Reuse of ecosan products in agriculture”) 49

Course 1 Unit 1 Example for worm infections: Intestinal worms § People become infected with intestinal parasitic worms (also know as helminths) through contact with soil that has been contaminated with human faeces from an infected person, or by eating contaminated food (UNICEF, 2007). § Infect about 10 % of the population in the developing world and, depending upon the severity of the infection: o Lead to malnutrition, anaemia or retarded growth and even death. o Children are particularly susceptible & typically have the largest number of worms. o About 400 million school-age children are infected by roundworm, whipworm and/or hookworm. In fact, roundworm and whipworm alone are estimated to affect one-quarter of the world’s population. Source: UNICEF (2007). Common Water and Sanitation-related Diseases. Water, Environmental and Sanitation. http: //www. unicef. org/wes/index_wes_related. html (Accessed 17 May, 2007). 50

Intestinal parasitic worms (helminths): a major worldwide problem 51

Transmission of diseases (the “F-Diagram”) Barrier example: handwashing fingers flies faeces Barrier example: UDD toilet food fields mouth Barrier example: boiling water fluids (surface water) We can break transmission routes relatively easily (multiple barrier approach) 52

Causes of Under-Five child mortality ARI = Common cold; a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory system Neonatal: in first 27 days of life Source: http: //childinfo. org/areas/childmortality An ecosan approach could have a direct impact on reduced diarrhoeal diseases (by improved sanitation) and reduced malnutrition (by use of ecosan products as fertiliser)53

Children under five mortality rate per 1, 000 live births Under 5 child mortality versus sanitation coverage for developing countries (each symbol is one country) Sierra Leone Red diamonds: Sub. Saharan countries Improved sanitation coverage (%) Where is your country in this diagram? 54 Source: (3), p. 37

Course 1 Unit 1 Observations from the graph on previous slide § There is a significant amount of scatter in the data (because many factors play a role in determining the U 5 child mortality rate) § Sub-Saharan countries have particularly high U 5 child mortality rates and low sanitation coverage § Countries where the governments have ensured a high sanitation coverage, usually also have a low U 5 child mortality rate § This graph can be a good visual aid to bring home the point on the importance of improved sanitation coverage (use it to “sell sanitation”) 55

Region Sub. Saharan Africa Asia and Latin America Country U 5 child mortality / 1000 Comment from students from www. childinf o. org Assumed ratio of rural to total population: 3/5 (highlighted in red) Rural Urban Total Guinea 18 101 155 Ethiopia 22 ? 166 Zambia 25 30 27 200 182 Total value calculated Togo 15 71 35 139 140 Sierra Leone 30 53 39 283 Total value calculated Rwanda 42 183 203 U 5 CM increasing instead of decreasing Nigeria 36 53 44 210 197 Cameroon 43 58 49 100 149 Total value calculated Timor-Leste 13 55 30 83 80 Total value calculated Bangladesh 39 73 77 Indonesia 40 38 38 Peru 32 74 63 27 29 Philippines 59 80 72 34 34 sanitation data questionable Brazil 37 83 75 33 34 Myanmar 77 106 77% questionable Bhutan 89. 2 61. 5 80 99 98 99 21 21 Total value calculated Germany, Spain 100 5 5 Netherlands 100 6 6 Bulgaria 100 15 15 In reality < 100% ! Italy 100 4 5 USA 100 8 8 Thailand Industriali sed countries Sanitation coverage 56

Course 1 Unit 1 Effectiveness of hardware and hygiene interventions in reducing diarrhoea morbidity 57

Course 1 Unit 1 Latest report on MDG targets on drinking water and sanitation § WHO/UNICEF (2006) Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target – The Urban and Rural Challenge of the Decade. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation. Available: http: //www. who. int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/jmp 2006/en/index. html § Statements from this report (page 26): § “The JMP is the United Nation’s mechanism for monitoring MDG 7, target 10. Achieving this target is critical for sustainable development and the eradication of poverty and hunger. ” § “Monitoring access to drinking water and sanitation is indispensable for promoting the prioritisation of the water supply and sanitation needs of the world’s most vulnerable and marginalised people. ” 58

Clarification of definitions of MDG indicators § The proportion of the population with access to basic sanitation is an indicator expressed as the percentage of people using improved sanitation facilities. – Improved sanitation facilities are more likely to prevent human contact with human excreta than unimproved facilities (see examples on next slide) § Access to adequate sanitation is measured by the percentage of population using improved sanitation facilities that are not publicly shared 59

Important MDG terminology definitions (WHO/UNICEF, 2006, page 4) These definitions are controversial – see next 2 slides Unimproved drinking water sources 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Unprotected dug well Unprotected spring Cart with small tank/drum Bottled water Tanker truck Surface water (river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal, irrigation channel) Unimproved sanitation facilities 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Improved drinking water sources 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Piped water into dwelling, plot or yard Public tap/standpipe Tubewell/borehole Protected dug well Protected spring Rainwater collection Flush or pour flush to street, yard, plot, open sewer, ditch, drainage way Pit latrine without slab or open pit Bucket Hanging toilet/latrine No facilities or bush or field Improved sanitation facilities 1. 2. 3. 4. Flush or pour flush system to piped sewer system, septic tank, pit latrine Ventilated improved pit latrine Pit latrine with slab Composting toilet (UDD toilet as well) 60

There are many difficulties with measuring access to “improved sanitation” (1/2) § Different countries use different criteria for measuring access to improved sanitation § Toilets might be existing (and counted) but not being used, not used correctly or not maintained properly § Public toilets are not counted but could be an adequate solution for slum areas § Greywater management is generally not included in the analysis 61

• No link is made to the overal Goal 7 on environmental sustainability – Improved sanitation could still be unsustainable and cause pollution, e. g. : • septic tanks and pit latrines without proper faecal sludge management • sewer system without wastewater treatment plant or with poorly performing WWTP • Perhaps it would be better to count access to sustainable sanitation? 62

Example of unimproved sanitation facilities: Informal “public toilet” at market in Ouagadougou, capital of Burkina Faso (open defecation into drainage ditch) – Oct 2006 Note fruit vendors nearby and remember the F-Diagram (slide 38) 63

Course 1 Unit 1 Another definition for basic sanitation Basic sanitation is defined as the lowest-cost option for securing sustainable access to safe, hygienic and convenient facilities and services for excreta and sullage disposal that provide privacy and dignity while ensuring a clean and healthful living environment both at home and in the neighbourhood of users. (WHO/UNICEF (2006), page 22) Note that the definitions on the earlier slides had not even mentioned greywater. (Sullage = greywater = water from kitchen, laundry, showers, bath, etc. – excluding toilet wastewater) 64

Some global figures on access to improved sanitation § In 2004, only 59% of the world population had access to an improved sanitation facility. § 4 out of 10 people around the world have no access to improved sanitation. They have to defecate in the open or use unsanitary facilities, with a serious risk of exposure to sanitation-related diseases Source: WHO/UNICEF (2006) 65

Sanitation Coverage: Access to improved sanitation facilities in 2002 26 -50% 91 – 100 % 76 – 90 % 51 – 75 % 26 – 50 % 0 – 25 % Missing Data Source: (8) 66

Course 1 Unit 1 Sanitation Targets progress by region Population with access to improved sanitation (%) 2007: the current year ean Caribb d n a merica A n i t La Targets of each region ca Afri a Asi Note: Africa is going backwards with respect to sanitation access in % Note: Data should be collected to be able to update this graph for the current year 67 Source: (10)

Hotspot sub-Saharan Africa: Factors influencing state of sanitation § People who are displaced, by wars, political unrest, racial conflict, droughts, famines, etc flee and live in temporary shelters or reception camps where sanitation is virtually non-existent. § Non-Democratic Rules: Instable political conditions do not contribute to the improvement of sanitation, since dictatorships or dictator-like rulers mostly prioritise other factors. § Insecure housing conditions: Generally, people with insecure or illegal housing conditions (such as in slums) are not willing to invest in real property such as sanitation. § Population growth and HIV/AIDS also play a role § What do you think? Source: Adapted from (10) 68

Attainment of the MDGs: Water & Sanitation Targets (See my comments about this map on next slide) 69 Map showing the relative size of the MDG sanitation target for each country based on the number of installations required through to 2015 (Source: (3)).

Attainment of the MDGs (observations from previous slide) § In terms of absolute numbers, China and India have the biggest short-fall § In terms of least progress in recent years, sub-Saharan Africa poses the biggest challenge (also compounded by population growth and HIV/AIDS) § The target on water supply is more likely to be met than the target on sanitation § Note: The Year 2008 was declared as UN year of sanitation to emphasise problems with sanitation worldwide 70

Attainment of the MDGs (halve number without access): Influence of population growth Have-Nots MDG Target Haves The target population size in the developing countries: 1. 75 billion for the MDG on sanitation 1. 23 billion for the MDG on domestic water (Source: (3)) 71

Course 1 Unit 1 Attaining the MDGs: The importance of sustainable solutions The intrinsic connection between water and all other development goals must be recognised and realised. If we do not understand this connection and continue to address each issue separately, no sustainable progress will happen, and any improvement in the living conditions of some will result in a deterioration of the living condition of others. So what can ecosan do for the MDGs? ØEcosan is (by definition) more sustainable in all aspects ØEcosan will be much less costly than conventional sewer-based solutions - suddenly putting access to improved sanitation within reach of cash-strapped municipalities! K. Conradin 72

Sanitation can impact on many of the MDG targets (1/2) MDG Goal Positive impact from sustainable sanitation 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Increased income from fewer sick days, less money spent on medication; improved yields from more fertile soils 2 Achieve universal primary education Better school attendance: fewer sick days, less malnutrition – better ability to learn 3 Promote gender equality In-house sanitation offers higher level of and empower women security for women; more school attendance by teenage girls 4 Reduce child mortality Improved nutrition; less diarrhea diseases and intestinal worms 73

Sanitation can impact on many of the MDG targets (2/2) MDG Goal Positive impact from sustainable sanitation 5 Improve maternal health Improved nutrition, less diarrhoea diseases 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Reduction in enteric diseases 7 Ensure environmental sustainability Reduction of downstream pollution, recycling of nutrients, less water use; more people connected; slum dwellers’ lives improved 8 Develop a Global Partnership for Development 74

Course 1 Unit 1 References for Part C (from the SEECON presentation) (3) SEI Stockholm Environment Institute (2005): Sustainable Pathways to attain the Millennium Development Goals. Assessing the Key Role of Water, Energy and Sanitation. With contribution from the Stockholm International Water Institute. Stockholm, 2005. http: //www. ecosanres. org/pdf_files/MDGRep/Sust. MDG 31 Auglowres. pdf (5) www. unmillenniumproject. org/goals 02. htm (accessed 14. 09. 2005) (6) UN Statistics Division: http: //millenniumindicators. un. or (accessed 19. 09. 2005) (8) WHO & UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation: http: //www. wssinfo. org/en/welcome. html (accessed 19. 09. 2005) (9) United Nation Statistics Division: Millennium Indicators: http: //unstats. un. org/unsd/mi/pdf/MDG%20 Chart%20 Sept. pdf (accessed 19. 09. 2005) (10) Water Aid Summary of Key Statistics: http: //www. wateraid. org/in_depth_publications/getting_to_boiling_point/6230. asp (11) UN Millennium Project Task Force on Water and Sanitation, Final Report, Abridged Edition. Health, Dignity, and Development: What Will It Take? http: //www. siwi. org/downloads/Reports/Final_TF 7 -What_Will_It_Take. pdf (accessed 20. 09. 2005) (18) UNESCO/World Water Assessment Programme WWAP (2003): Water for People, Water for Life. The United Nations World Water Development Report. WHO: Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report. 75

Course 1 Unit 1 References for this presentation • • • Garcia-Fresca, B. (2007) Urban-enhanced groundwater recharge: review and case study of Austin, Texas, USA. In: Urban groundwater - meeting the challange (selected papers from the 32 nd International Geological Congress, Florence, Italy, August 2004), K. W. F. Howard, ed. , Taylor & Francis Group, London, 30 - 40. Kvarnström, E. and af Petersens, E. (2004) Open Planning of Sanitation Systems. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Available: www. ecosanres. org * Tchobanoglous, G. , Burton, F. L. , Stensel, H. D. (2003) Wastewater Engineering, Treatment and Reuse, Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. , Mc. Graw-Hill, 4 th edition. Good book on conventional wastewater treatment (in IHE library) von Münch, E. , Amy, G. , and Fesselet, J. -F. (2006) The potential of ecosan to provide sustainable sanitation in emergency situations and to achieve quick wins in MDGs. Water Practice and Technology (selected proceedings of the Beijing Biennial IWA Congress), 1 (2). Available: http: //www. iwaponline. com/wpt/001/0037/0010037. pdf * WHO/UNICEF (2006) Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target – The Urban and Rural Challenge of the Decade. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation. Available: http: //www. who. int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/jmp 2006/en/index. html * Wolf, L. , Morris, B. , and Burn, S. (2006) AISUWRS: Urban Water Resources Toolbox, IWA Publishing, London, UK. 76