COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF MOMBASA Strategic Environmental Assessment for

COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF MOMBASA Strategic Environmental Assessment for MOMBASA GATE CITY MASTER PLAN STAKEHOLDER MEETING II

Defn and Purpose of SEA What is SEA refers to analytical and participatory approaches that aim to integrate environmental considerations into policies, plans and programs (PPP) and evaluate their relationship with economic and social considerations.

Purpose of SEA Why SEA �To ensure that environmental and social issues related to the Master Plan are identified and integrated into decision making process �To comply with legal requirements: The Legal Notice No 101 (Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations 2003), Section 42, states that: “Lead agencies shall in consultation with NEMA subject all proposals for policy, plans and programmes to a Strategic Environmental Assessment…’’ �NEMA recommended for SEA of Mombasa Gate City Master Plan because � The Master Plan is a land use plan � The Master Plan will lead to projects requiring Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) � The Master Plan will require relatively high consumption of resources.

Methodology and Approach Procedure would be in line with NEMA Guidelines for SEA and shall be as follows: A: Screening • Prepare project brief and submit to NEMA – Already done • NEMA to review project brief and confirm within 7 days whether or not SEA is required B: Scoping • Scoping Study and Preparation of Scoping Report, including stakeholder input; • Submission of Scoping Report to NEMA – Already done • NEMA reviews scoping report and reverts with comments within 21 days C: SEA Study � Conduct SEA and prepare Draft SEA Report ; � Conduct Stakeholder meeting and collect SH concerns � Revise Draft SEA report to include SH input; � Submit Draft Final SEA Report to NEMA D: Stakeholder, Public and Expert Review of SEA report � NEMA sends draft SEA report to stakeholders and gives 45 days for SH comments � NEMA also publishes draft SEA report in Kenya Gazette and a reputable newspaper and gives the public 60 days to give comments � NEMA calls Validation Meeting � CGM to prepare Final Report(FR) incorporating the comments from Validation Workshop

Stakeholder Consultation �SEA is a SH driven process and SH consultation shall be conducted at every stage of the SEA process; �Three (3) major SHM are being conducted and a Validation Workshop – SHM 1 (During Scoping) SHM 2 (During detailed study) and SHM 3 ( after preparation of DFR to get SH input into DFR); �SHM 2 and SHM 3 conducted in Sub-counties to capture wider audience Civic Education �To be conducted after SHM 3 to create awareness among the general public �Would be conducted continuously for 2 weeks

BASELINE INFORMATION

Population Trend for Mombasa County since 1979

Economic context The economy of Mombasa County is supported by: • Maritime industry - two natural harbours • tourism & hospitality • Manufacturing - textile, cement, confectionary etc • Mining is limited to three minerals - coral limestone, weathered shale & sand • banking & micro-finance • Artisanal fishing - number of artisanal fishers increased from 957 in 2004 to 1, 635 in 2012 • Livestock particularly poultry

Environmental Baseline �Mombasa County is a Maritime County. Together with the nearby Coastal Counties they have a coastal belt which has expansive internal waters and territorial waters �The coastal waters are endowed with rich natural resources, which if well planned for and utilized can propel the County and the Nation to Vision 2030 targets and beyond. �Natural resources include Mangroves and mud banks (important for the fishery economy, marine conservation; biodiversity support and ecosystem services); Coral reefs and associated biodiversity (important for both for the fishery economy and for marine conservation); Seagrass and sponge beds among others; �County also endowed with rich historical and cultural resources such as the old town, Fort Jesus, Kaya Forests etc

Sensitivity Atlas for Mombasa County

Environmental and Social Concerns � Mombasa county home to key tourism facilities such as beach hotels as well as recreational facilities such as water sports; � Rapid increase in population in sub-county estates over the last decade has put pressure on services such as water, access roads � Presence of mangroves and coral reefs – home to fisheries and other key marine fauna; � Sewage treatment plant serving mainland west failed several years ago this would not be sustained as environmental regulations become more stringent; � Challenges with regard to management of solid waste; � Air pollution due to dust and smoke generation from rapidly increasing traffic; � Traffic congestion due to limited capacity of the roads and rapid increase in traffic volumes; � Rising insecurity due to inability of security agencies to serve rapidly expanding population; � Inadequate housing and supporting infrastructure

Dead mangroves due to the 1988 oil spill inn Kibarani Source: KMFRI database) ( .

Quarrying of building stone from fossil coral formation near the maritime coast (From State of the Oceans Report, Kenya 2009)

Analysis of environmental and social suitability of MP alternatives

Alternative 1: Minimum Intervention Trend Development Alternative: � Forms ring structure by connecting By pass and radial road � Coastal area (Nyali, Bamburi) is strengthened by road improvement and public transport. � Existing urban area expands and sprawl continues �Further congestions are expected in existing urban areas. Impact of this Alternative � Air pollution due to congestion in the CBD � Negative impact on natural environment continues due to poor waste management. � Little disturbance to existing socioeconomic setting � Encourage commuting due to continued Primacy (Magnetic& Dominance Function) of the Island � Likoni commercial and residential core readily merges with the proposed Dongo Kundu SEZ and Pungu Petro city

Alternative 2: Northwest Corridor Development Double Ring Road Development (ISUDP Proposal) � Undeveloped area is considered as a priority area for development � Eco city (Mwakirunge), Dumping site (Kisauni), Knowledge city (Maunguja), New Jomvu city, Petro city (Mtongwe) � Urban area is large and investment cost is expected to be high due to large covering area and complicated geographic condition (hilly, mangrove). Impact of Double Ring Road Development Alternative � Specialized Functions and Level of services attributed to Mwakirunge and Maunguja etc may contribute in the island decongestion � Risk of disturbing environment including forest and mangrove. � Expansion of urban area functions may have impact on community cohesion � Possible cases of involuntary resettlement due to urban expansion (encroachment on rural functions and activities)

Alternative 3: Southwest Corridor Development

Alternative 3: Southwest Corridor Development Logistics Oriented Development � Strengthen major logistics functions in Mombasa through separating logistics transport and local transport, together with strengthening urban function in the area. � Major shift in urban structure is expected (within Island, subcentres, transport network). Impacts of Alternative 3 � Decongestion of the Island � Reorganization of land use may have impact on social and cultural aspects. � Sub-centres developed along corridor will accelerate urbanisation and improve quality of life for residents � Increase in property value of assets located within subcentres and along corridor � Possible cases of involuntary resettlement due to land reorganization driven by heavy Transit Oriented Development � Dust and noise would be a nuisance to residents during infrastructure works � Cultural sites such as kayas may be encountered during establishment of SEZ in Dongo Kundu

General Environmental impacts of Masterplan Implementation Positive impacts � Masterplan would take into account concerns raised by SH and put in place mitigation measures to ensure sustainability � Better planned city would mean better management of solid waste hence limited impact on the environment Negative impacts � The implementation of the plan, more impacts to coastal and marine environment will be felt. In particular, because the oceans exits at the lowest grounds they act as “sinks” for material flows. Material flow pathways will be varied and will include: a) Flows carried in by water run-offs over infrastructure works and other exposed surfaces; b) Flows carried in by aerosols (air-based contaminants that ultimately precipitate into the sea or channels and surfaces draining into the sea; Flows carried in by solid waste dumping either directly into the sea, or channels and surfaces draining into the sea, � Potential impacts on sensitive ecosystems such as mangroves, coral reefs, and other sensitive habitats; � Increased business opportunities may increase traffic population with resultant negative impacts such as increase in road traffic accidents and generation of GHGs c) Land based nuisance effects of solid waste such as odour and potential spills during transportation

Social Impacts Positive Social Impacts � Masterplan would provide for development of a modern city with infrastructure aligned with Vision 2030 to promote and sustain the well-being of the people of Mombasa The rich heritage of Mombasa will be preserved and utilized; Potential for significant job creation Congestion would be eased due to construction / upgrading of roads and relocation of services to other areas outside Mombasa island Negative Social Impacts • Culture intrusion as a result of interference from migrant populations • Potential displacement of people due to compulsory acquisition of land; Potential for disruption to existing socio- economic activities such as loss of businesses, fishing grounds / landing sites , farming lands and other sources of livelihood • Dust, noise and vibration from construction activities; Adverse occupational safety and health effects from infrastructure activities as well as security concerns

Actions for sustainable future � Develop a detailed Environmental and Social Management Plan to provide a framework for management of the environmental and social issues likely to arise during implementation of the plan � Develop a comprehensive Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) to manage the challenges that may arise in the likely event of involuntary resettlement; � Ensure stakeholders are meaningfully engaged in the planning process for development of Mombasa Gate City Master Plan and SEA , and allow for additional inputs from internationally recognized industry best practice; � Design fisheries management measures and ensure these are built into the MP to protect key fisheries resources such as fishing grounds and landing sites, and engage stakeholders on the fisheries management process; � Ensure protection of recreational facilities such as sandy beaches and provide for access for general public; � Design strict maintenance standards for vehicles to reduce generation of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) and reduce negative health effects of air and dust pollution

Thank You