Countries of East Asia 2009 TESCCC 2009 TESCCC

Countries of East Asia © 2009, TESCCC

© 2009, TESCCC

REGIONS OF EAST ASIA CHINA PROPER- Eastern half p XIZANG (TIBET)- Mountains and high plateaus; sparsely populated p XINJIANG- Desert basins and mountains; a cultural contact zone with Islam p MONGOLIA- A desert; buffer between Russia and China p THE JAKOTA TRIANGLE p n © 2009, TESCCC Japan, South Korea, Taiwan

Cultural Characteristics of East Asia p. WORLD’S MOST POPULOUS REALM-1. 28 Billion people (1/5 of world) p. One of the world’s earliest cultural hearths p. Population concentrations in the East © 2009, TESCCC

CHINA’S RELATIVE LOCATION p ISOLATION n p Natural Protective Barriers EFFECTS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN A history of emperors who restricted the use of the coastline. n Today the ocean is playing a major role in the economic transformation of COASTAL CHINA. n © 2009, TESCCC

Historical Perspectives: China p. Continuous civilization for over 4, 000 years p. View of China as the center of the civilized world. p. Historically China is a closed society © 2009, TESCCC

CONFUCIUS p China’s most influential philosopher and teacher 551479 p Emphasized that human virtues, rather than godly connections, should determine a person’s place in society. p Teaching have dominated Chinese life and thought for more than 20 centuries. © 2009, TESCCC

© 2009, TESCCC

Buddhism Buddha © 2009, TESCCC Taoism Lao-tzu

The Great Wall © 2009, TESCCC

© 2009, TESCCC

© 2009, TESCCC

CHINA’S POLITICAL MAP p p p 4 CENTRAL-GOVERNMENT-ADMINISTERED MUNICIPALITIES n BEIJING (CAPITAL); TIANJIN (PORT CITY); SHANGHAI (LARGEST CITY); CHONGQUING (INTERIOR RIVER PORT) 5 AUTONOMOUS REGIONS n NEI MONGOL (INNER MONGOLIA); NINGXIA HUI; XINJIANG UYGUR (NW); GUANGXI ZHUANG (SOUTH); XIZANG (TIBET) 22 PROVINCES n LARGER IN THE WEST © 2009, TESCCC

Chinese Leaders in the 20 th Century p Chiang Kai-shek (Nationalists) p Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)- leader of Communist Party p Deng Xiao Ping- replaced Mao- created the Chinese socialist market economy p Hu Jintao (2002 - ) n Present leader © 2009, TESCCC

MAO’S CHINA: COMMUNISM RISES p p 1950 s- 1976 Communist Regime launched massive programs of reform Farming was collectivized Industries were reorganized as state-owned enterprises Dramatic social changeseducation, religion, population growth © 2009, TESCCC

DENG XIAOPING ERA Took power in 1979 p Attempted to unite Communist political rule with capitalist economic practices = Socialist Market Economy p Decentralized decision-making p © 2009, TESCCC

ECONOMIC INITIATIVES p SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES n n p OPEN CITIES n n p 6 SEZs ESTABLISHED; 3 IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE INVESTMENT INCENTIVES: LOW TAXES, IMPORT/EXPORT REGULATIONS LESSENED INCLUDED 14 COASTAL CITIES NATIONAL INVESTMENT FOCUSED ON SHANGHAI OPEN COASTAL AREAS n n © 2009, TESCCC ALSO DESIGNED TO ATTRACT FOREIGN INVESTMENTS CONCENTRATED ALONG PACIFIC COAST DELTAS AND PENINSULAS

SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES p p p INVESTOR INCENTIVES LOW TAXES EASING OF IMPORT AND EXPORT REGULATIONS SIMPLIFIED LAND LEASES HIRING OF CONTRACT LABOR PERMITTED PRODUCTS MAY BE SOLD IN FOREIGN MARKETS AND IN CHINA (UNDER CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS) © 2009, TESCCC

ETHNIC GROUPS © 2009, TESCCC

LANGUAGES Chinese is one of the world’s oldest active languages. p Spoken Chinese varies dialect to dialect although the characters (over 50, 000) used to represent the language remain the same. p Since Chinese is written in characters rather than by a phonetic alphabet, Chinese words must be translated so foreigners can pronounce them. p © 2009, TESCCC

PINYIN p THE MOST ACCEPTED SYSTEM OF ROMANIZING CHINESE Chinese Translation Bei North Nan South Xi West Dong East Jing Capital Shan Mountain He River (in the north) Jiang River (in the south) © 2009, TESCCC

XIZANG (TIBET) A harsh physical environment p Sparsely populated p Came under Chinese control during the Manchu Dynasty in 1720 p Gained separate status in the late 19 th century p China’s communists regime took control in the 1950 s p Cornerstone of Buddhism, The Dalai Lama, and monasteries p Now an autonomous region p © 2009, TESCCC

The Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet, is the ceremonial home of the 14 th Dalai Lama, now in exile in India. © 2009, TESCCC

XINJIANG p Comprises one-sixth of China’s total land area p A region of high mountains and basins p Chinese only account for 40% of the population p Muslims accounts for half of the population p Has extensive reserves of oil and natural gas © 2009, TESCCC

MONGOLIA Steppe and desert environment p Sparsely populated with an estimated 2. 5 million inhabitants p Part of the Chinese Empire from Late 1600 s until 1911 p Functions as a buffer state p Economy is focused on herding and animal products p © 2009, TESCCC

JAPANESE HISTORY p p 600 - 800 Chinese cultural influence 1000 -1300 War, Medieval society arises, shoguns evolve 1600 -1867 Tokugawa Shogunate, isolation, foreigners and Christianity expelled, individualistic culture, emphasis on Shinto belief system 1868: Meiji Restoration © 2009, TESCCC

MEIJI RESTORATION 1868 Rebellion brought in reformers. p Reinstated the emperor and began to transform Japan from a Feudal society with pre-machine age technology to an industrial power. p Focus was on industrialization and education system. p © 2009, TESCCC

EXPANSIONIST JAPAN TAIWAN p KOREA p MANCHURIA p CHINA p HONG KONG p SOUTHEAST ASIA p © 2009, TESCCC 1895 1910 1931 1937 1939 1941

SHINTOISM © 2009, TESCCC

JAPANESE POPULATION Population: p Birth rate: p Death rate: p Growth rate: p Life expectancy: p Urbanization: 78% p © 2009, TESCCC 127. 4 million 8 births/1, 000 8 deaths/1, 000 0. 0% 78 (M), 85 (F)

KOREA The size of “Idaho” but with a population of 73 million p Turbulent political history: p n n © 2009, TESCCC A dependency of China A colony of Japan Divided along the 38 th parallel by Allied Powers > WWII (1945) Cease-fire line established in 1953 (DMZ) separates North Korea and South Korea

NORTH-SOUTH CONTRASTS p p NORTH KOREA n 55% of the land, 1/3 of the population, extremely rural n Antiquated state enterprises n Inefficient, non-productive agriculture n Limited trade – former Soviet Union and China SOUTH KOREA n 45% of the land, 2/3 s of the population, highly urbanized n Modern factories n Intensive, increasingly mechanized agriculture n Extensive trade – US, Japan, and Western Europe © 2009, TESCCC

THE KOREAS- COMPARED p POPULATION 23, 600, 000 49, 200, 000 p GNP (BILLIONS) $ 21. 3 $ 508. 3 p GNP/CAPITA $ 920 $ 17, 300 p AGRICULTURE n (as % of GNP) n (% work force) © 2009, TESCCC 25 % 36 % 8% 21 %

TAIWAN Chiang Kai-shek Memorial © 2009, TESCCC

© 2009, TESCCC

TAIWAN p Historical background: n n A Chinese province for centuries Colonized by Japan in 1895 Returned to China > WWII 1949 – Chinese Nationalists (supported by the US) fled from the mainland established the Republic of China (ROC) Population – 22. 7 million p 77% urbanized p © 2009, TESCCC