COST Materials Action 529 Efficient Lighting for the

COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21 st Century Modelling plasmas for light generation Some thoughts on the needs of the lighting industry COST Model Inventory Workshop 12 to 15 April 2005 University of Madeira, Funchal Stuart Mucklejohn UK National Representative to COST 529 GE Consumer & Industrial- Lighting, Melton Road, Leicester LE 4 7 PD, UK April 2005 COST 529_April 05. ppt 1

COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21 st Century What are models used for ? New product development Product improvement Fault finding Production processes Education Training April 2005 COST 529_April 05. ppt 2

COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21 st Century What is a lamp ? Light generating component of a system used to illuminate things Within the European Union: An energy using product (EUP) A product subject to the WEEE directive A product subject to the Ro. HS regulations April 2005 COST 529_April 05. ppt 3

COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21 st Century What is a high intensity discharge (HID) lamp ? A light emitting high temperature chemical reactor Characteristics: Plasma has electron temperature = gas temperature Operating pressure 1 to 50 atm, up to 200 atm for UHP Local thermodynamic equilibrium is a reasonable assumption April 2005 COST 529_April 05. ppt 4

COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21 st Century Uses of HID lamps Road lighting Car headlamps Stage/studio lighting Horticulture – greenhouse lighting Interior lighting – warehouses & shopping malls Floodlighting – sports & architectural Projection systems April 2005 COST 529_April 05. ppt 5

COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21 st Century Types of HID lamps Description Typical application Low-pressure sodium road lighting High-pressure mercury road lighting Metal halide with silica arctube interior, sports, malls Metal halide with ceramic arctube interior, malls, streets Ultra high pressure projection systems April 2005 COST 529_April 05. ppt 6

COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21 st Century Some characteristics of HID lamps April 2005 Power range 20 to 20 k. W Output 1600 to 2000000 lumens Life 500 to 28000 h Size 50 to 500 mm Global market >500 x 106 € per annum COST 529_April 05. ppt 7

COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21 st Century The system includes light source & the receptor April 2005 COST 529_April 05. ppt 8

COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21 st Century Components of HID lamps Outer enclosure - glass outer jacket & metal connectors Arctube - silica or ceramic Electrodes - tungsten Leadwires – molybdenum, niobium Chemical additives - mercury, sodium, metal halides Gas fill - argon, krypton 85 Joins Seals April 2005 COST 529_April 05. ppt 9

COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21 st Century A metal halide lamp with ceramic arctube April 2005 COST 529_April 05. ppt 10

COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21 st Century Interactions within HID arctubes Gas phase 1000 to 6000 K light generation Liquid – Gas 700 to 1300 K dose evaporation Solid – Gas 700 to 1500 K corrosion Liquid – Solid 700 to 1300 K corrosion Solid – Solid 700 to 1500 K corrosion April 2005 COST 529_April 05. ppt 11

COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21 st Century Temporal phenomena Steady state Transient Non-LTE Reaction kinetics April 2005 COST 529_April 05. ppt 12

COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21 st Century Energy balance for a metal halide lamp From Philips Lighting & the ALITE program April 2005 COST 529_April 05. ppt 13

COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21 st Century Life cycle of HID lamps Assumes life of 10000 h Production Raw materials, processes, testing 0 to 100 h Rapidly changing properties to 100 h 100 to 1000 h Significant changes in output 1000 to 10000 h Slowly changing output, failures End of life Disposal Recycling Environmental impact April 2005 COST 529_April 05. ppt 14

COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21 st Century Fundamental data Radiation properties of optically thick radiators (line broadening, transitions probabilities) Radiation properties of optically thin radiators (reduced emission coefficients) Diffusion coefficients & mobilities of plasma species Viscosities of buffer gases Thermochemical parameters for: plasma species (discharge properties) liquid - gas reactions (dose chemistry) solid - gas reactions (corrosion) solid - liquid reactions (corrosion) Kinetic parameters for material transport mechanisms April 2005 COST 529_April 05. ppt 15

COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21 st Century Examples of predictive models needed Lamp voltage rise through life Lamp voltage & colour changes for vertical & horizontal operation Luminous efficacy through life Output from 200 to 3000 nm Lamp life April 2005 COST 529_April 05. ppt 16

COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21 st Century History Many descriptions of models at conferences Large number of scientific publications Valuable resource for the lighting industry But ……. . Some reports/papers very difficult to find Software no longer available & not designed for operation by third parties April 2005 COST 529_April 05. ppt 17

COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21 st Century April 2005 COST 529_April 05. ppt 18

COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21 st Century April 2005 COST 529_April 05. ppt 19

COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21 st Century Acknowledgements Many thanks to: Barry Preston (GE Lighting) Raghu Ramaiah (GE Lighting) April 2005 COST 529_April 05. ppt 20