Cost Benefit Analysis CBA Environmental Impact Assessment EIA

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) & Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Aims: To understand why coasts are important and how coasts are affected by development. What is a Cost Benefit Analysis? How do we consider coasts in the ‘EIA’ process?

WHITEBOARD PAIRED THINKING • Why are coastlines important?

Why are coasts important? ( make notes on the following slides) • Coastal ecosystems provide a range of direct and indirect benefits to us. • Direct benefits include subsistence food production and commercial food production (fishing and agriculture), raw materials (mining), Transportation, Recreation, Tourism, and aesthetic value (seafront property turnover).

• Indirect benefits or ecosystem services that are used but not paid for include, erosion control, soil formation, water regulation and supply, nutrient cycling, biological control, habitats, pollination, climate regulation, genetic resource, gas regulation, existence value. • The coast and its adjacent areas on and off shore an important part of a local ecosystem as the mixture of fresh water and salt water in estuaries provides many nutrients for marine life. Salt marshes and beaches also support a diversity of plants, animals, and insects crucial to the food chain.

How Are Coasts Affected By Developments? • Developments can affect the way a coast functions. The type of development and the scale of the development will impact on the coastal area. All the benefits related to the functions mentioned above will be impacted on and could either be reduced or lost. • Although coastal ecosystems are resilient, they are finite and vulnerable to overexploitation, pollution from both marine and land-based sources and damage from improper and unplanned land use and development.

• Inappropriate decisions can result in degraded coastal resources and lost development opportunities. For instance, a bridge built across an estuary can disrupt the natural ecosystem functioning. Degraded coastal ecosystems that are no longer functioning properly can result in the exposure of human life and property to high risk, for example, through flooding or storm damage.

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) • Is a tool used to help decide whether defending a coastline from erosion and/or flooding is ‘worth it’. It depends on: – Value of property and its risk – safe from erosion or in imminent danger – Human costs – worry, stress – Environmental costs – Biodiversity value

Environmental Impact assessment(EIA) • Separate from a CBA. • EIA aims are to identify: – Short term impacts of construction on the coastal environment – Long term impacts of building new sea defences or changing policies from ‘hold the line’ to ‘no active intervention’ • EIA includes assessment of: – Hydrology and marine ecosystems – Water quality and marine species – Changes to flora and fauna – Air quality, pollution during construction

How To Consider Coasts In The EIA Process? • Coastal areas are diverse in terms of physical, social, economic, political and institutional characteristics. Different management responses are therefore required at regional and local levels according to the context. • The impacts of developments or activities in the coastal area should typically be investigated in a holistic, integrated and coordinated way by specialists. A coordinated approach to coastal management acknowledges that the coast is a system and that different human uses of coastal resources are interdependent. • In addition a range of other national legislation as well as local authority are relevant to the coast for example, development planning, heritage, disaster management, natural resource management, water, biodiversity, mining, transport, energy and pollution control.

1. Comment on the similarities and differences between Mappleton and Happisburgh in terms of coastal decision making. Why was one village protected but not the other? (Look back through pages 61 -65 and 68 for Happisburgh and 55 -56, 57 -58 for Holderness) P. 66 • Mappleton was deemed ‘worth’ protecting because: • Hold the Line – Bridlington, Hornsea, Mappleton, Withernsea, Easington and Dimlington – Benefits outweigh the costs – Hornsea - It’s an economic centre. Population of 8. 5 k – Important historical sites – Southorpe Medieval Village – Hornsea Mere is an important lake habitat for birds and an SSSI • Managed Retreat – Spurn Point • Do Nothing – Everywhere else • Plans – Hornsea and Mappleton will be protected due to an decision that was made in 1990’s. Will be managed until 2025 but it may change after that. – The areas being protected are due to the benefits outweighing the costs at Bridlington, Hornsea and Withernsea – At Gas Terminals the benefits clearly outweigh the costs – Dimlington and Easington – protection of large Granite Boulders.

Why is the Holderness coast disappearing so fast? 1. Powerful waves strike the coast from the NE. 2. The cliffs are made from soft and crumbly boulder clay which has no strength. Its highly porous and permeable

What • • • So what’s happening here then, along the Mappleton coast line?

Recap: the Mappleton Coastline • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=JVz. LG 15 y. MQ&t=21 s • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Cp. Moq. E q. GTTE&t=469 s

Happisburgh, Norfolk • http: //www. bbc. co. uk/news/uk-englandnorfolk-35088206

Happisburgh , Norfolk Coastal Erosion • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=4 Ud. Bd. V pucy. Y&t=156 s

Happisburgh, Norfolk rates of coastal erosion between 1996 - 2012………

Cont q 1…Happisburgh… • ‘No active intervention’ policy is adopted in this area in the immediate future. • Defending the village would have wider impact on the wider coastal management plan. • Happisburgh would end up as a promontory, blocking the longshore drift and causing further erosion downdrift. The longer term plan is ‘managed realignment’ but some properties would still be lost. • Cost of defending the village are £ 6 million – close to the properties values. Its much higher than the compensation value(£ 40 k-70 k total) • Happisburgh must been seen in the wider context of the whole SMP – this further justifies not defending the village. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=4 Ud. Bd. Vpucy. Y&t= 188 s

Coastal erosion at Happisburgh

TASK Decision making processes…. • Split students into groups • Students take a role of a different player along both the Holderness and Happisburgh coastlines. • ‘Players’ could be any group of people who have an interest in the coast (Locals, small businesses, planners, councils, large companies, farmers, environmentalists etc. ) • **Each group will be one player within both locations. ** • Using the map of the areas with the information on locations, formulate arguments as to what they would like done to the coast and then debate it.

• MAIN: • The debate should or could raise several questions about what needs doing and how their chosen protection impacts on others down the coast. • Agreements have to be made about what is best and these generally take the form of CBA and EIA. • The conflicts that appear should be highlighted and why certain areas benefit at the cost of others and the implications this has for a stretch of coastline. • Read through notes on pages 62 -66 for Happisburgh • Read through notes on pages 58, 59 and 61 for Holderness • In your discussion and presentation you don’t need to agree with what is being done currently!!! • NEXT WEEK YOU WILL PRESENT YOUR DEBATE : • THERE WILL BE EDIBLE PRIZES FOR THE BEST ONES!!!!

H/W • 1. Learn key terms( from the exam board). You will be given a quick definition points test • 2. Prepare your debate on any player from Happisburgh and Mappleton to be played out at the beginning of the lesson next week.

H/W • 1. Read the following slides and make notes on a comparison coastal case study from a developing country, Chittagong in Cox Bazar, Bangladesh coast • **THIS IS SPECIFICALLY ASKED FOR ON THE SPEC SO YOU MUST DO THIS!** • 2. Revise all work covered on plate tectonics and coasts plus all work covered on globalisation and regeneration for your exam in the week beginning June 19 th.

Where is Chittagong?

Where is Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh?

Cox Bazar’s long sandy beach

Coastal management at Cox ‘s Bazar, Bangladesh

Port Chittagong, Bangladesh

IZCM in Bangladesh – Cox Bazar, Chittagong • (Write in notes section of your booklet p 39 and/or back page) • The Cox’s Bazar coastal zone has a great importance since pre-historic times for its abundance in natural resources(is a town, a fishing port and district headquarters in Bangladesh. The beach in Cox's Bazar is an unbroken 120 km (75 mi) sandy sea beach with a gentle slope, one of the world's longest. It is located 150 km (93 mi) south of the industrial port Chittagong). Chittagong • Increased population is one of the main factors that caused the depletion of natural resources i. e. , mangrove destruction, over exploitation of fisheries resources, etc. • The local people are depending largely on the coastal natural resources for their living, i. e. , fishing, farming, agriculture, and trading. All of these factors lead to destruction of the coastal natural resources to meet people’s demands. • ICZM: – Land Use zoning – Mangrove Afforestation – Protection of Shrimp Farming – Salt Production – Tourism

Who are the Stakeholders? • The primary stakeholders of coastal land/resource utilization in the Cox’s Bazar coast are fishermen, shrimp farmers, salt producers, agriculturalists and tour operators (Figure 8, p 12 of pdf/next slide). • Other examples of stakeholders include government agencies, private/business organizations, non-academic organizations, academic or research organizations, religious/ cultural groups and donors

Read Chittagong: Stretch and Challenge • See extra PDF resource on weebly

Coasts Plenary: Elliot ‘Coasts’ • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ZWEJq 03 NBao&t=4 s