COSMOLOGYS CONCORDANCE MODEL COSMOLOGICAL MODELS Models are mathematical

COSMOLOGY’S CONCORDANCE MODEL

COSMOLOGICAL MODELS • Models are mathematical – Simplified solutions to Einstein’s General Relativity applied to universe • Based on assumption that universe is same at every point • Invalid – Universe comprises solar systems, galaxies, local groups of galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters separated by huge voids – Every time astronomers have surveyed sky they have found structures as large as survey size – 2014 István Horváth and colleagues reported an object around 7 to 10 billion light-years long • Incorporate a Cosmological Constant assigned arbitrary value • Many cosmologists conflate mathematical proof with scientific proof • Mutually contradictory models claim consistency with the same observational data • Become belief systems rather than scientific theories

“Cosmologists are often wrong but never in doubt. ” —Attributed to Soviet physicist and Nobel Prize Winner, Lev Landau, 1908 -1968

CURRENT COSMOLOGICAL MODEL • Inflationary-before-or-after-the-Hot-Big Bang-unknown-Dark. Matter-unknown-Dark Energy model • Invokes Dark Matter to account for 27 per cent of universe – 30 years investigation have failed to identify this Dark Matter • Invokes a mysterious anti-gravity Dark Energy to account for 68 per cent of universe and to change the universe from a gradually decelerating expansion to a rapidly accelerating expansion after two-thirds of its life – 20 years of investigation have failed to identify the nature of this Dark Energy • Its central claim is that the universe inflated at a trillion times the speed of light in a trillionth of a second – This is untestable and hence is not scientific • Neither current nor competing models rationally explain how all the matter and energy of the universe burst into existence out of nothing

EVOLUTION OF MATTER • Primordial plasma: highly energized, chaotic, dense • Expanded and cooled • Matter condensed out and became more complex • Whole universe → rotating structures – solar systems, galaxies, galactic clusters, super clusters, and sheets of superclusters separated by voids • Small scale → successive combinations – fundamental particles → nuclei of 95 elements + electrons → atoms → molecules of up to 13 atoms detected in outer space & on meteorites

CONDITIONS FOR 13 -ATOM MOLECULES → HUMAN COMPLEXITY a planet with essential elements and molecules a minimum and a maximum mass of the planet sources of energy a narrow temperature range just below, at, and just above its surface • protection from hazardous radiation and impacts from comets and asteroids • stability of this biosphere over billions of years A concurrence of unusual galactic, stellar, and planetary factors provides these six conditions on Earth, if not unique, then very rare planet in galaxy • •

EMERGENCE OF LIFE ON EARTH • Life “the ability of an enclosed entity to respond to changes within itself and in its environment, to extract energy and matter from its environment, and to convert that energy and matter into internally directed activity that includes maintaining its own existence” – marks a change of kind, not merely degree, from inanimate matter, like a rock • Genetic analyses suggest all life evolved from single common ancestor – evidence destroyed by geological processes

COMPONENTS & STRUCTURE OF A BACTERIUM

CURRENT ORTHODOX HYPOTHESIS: THE RNA WORLD • Energy from sun & lightning → aqueous solution of organic molecules • Eventually formed self-replicating molecules of RNA • Ultra. Darwinian natural selection → proteins • Proteins → protective membrane • Finally generated DNA → first cell No experimental support Invalid • Probability that random reactions in aqueous solution → self-replicating RNA = 10109 against

EVOLUTION OF LIFE ON EARTH REPRESENTED AS A 24 -HOUR CLOCK

CURRENT PARADIGM (UK & US) OF BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION: NEODARWINISM Popularized by Richard Dawkins in The Selfish Gene • Biological evolution caused by genes selfishly competing with each other to survive and replicate • Uses mathematical models with arbitrary constants • “Proved” by simplistic economic games models • Based on fallacy of ascribing intention to lengths of an acid, DNA, of which genes are composed • Contradicted by substantial behavioural, genetic, and genomic evidence – Darwinian competition causes not the evolution of species but the destruction of species • Has become a belief system

SERIAL COLLABORATION AND MERGERS PRODUCING THE ROOTS OF THE TAXONOMIC KINGDOMS OF PLANTS, FUNGI, & ANIMALS

SUBSEQUENT EVOLUTION OF SPECIES • Not Neo. Darwinian gradualism • Suddenly – same-generation horizontal gene transfer for the vast majority of species, single-celled bacteria and archea – in animals through whole genome duplication and the merging of genomes through hybridisation

EVOLUTION OF COMPLEXITY Fossil record • • prokaryotes before eukaryotes unicellular eukaryotes before multicellular radially symmetrical before bilateral & cephalized invertebrates before vertebrates fishes before amphibians reptiles before birds mammals before primates apes before humans

EVOLUTION OF CONSCIOUSNESS Consciousness “awareness of the environment, other organisms, and self that can lead to action” increases with • complexification • centration • neurons become centred in larger and more complex brains leading to the most complex thing in the universe: the human brain

4 LAWS OF BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION First Law of Biological Evolution Competition and rapid environmental change cause the extinction of species Second Law of Biological Evolution Collaboration causes the evolution of species Third Law of Biological Evolution Animals evolve by progressive complexification and centration along fusing and diverging lineages that lead to stasis in all but one lineage Fourth Law of Biological Evolution A rise in consciousness correlates with increasing collaboration, complexification, and centration

EMERGENCE OF Homo sapiens

UNIQUENESS OF HUMANS Reflective consciousness • In human lineage consciousness rises to the point that it becomes conscious of itself • Only known species that not only knows but knows that it knows • We reflect on ourselves and our place in the cosmos • We ask questions like What are we? Where did we come from? Why do we exist? has transformed existing abilities • comprehension, learning, intention, communication has generated new abilities • imagination, insight, abstraction, will, verbal and written language, belief, morality marks a difference in kind, not merely degree, from other animals

HUMANS ARE STILL EVOLVING We are the only known species that is still evolving • Not morphological—physical characteristics • Not genetic • Noetic—an evolution of the mind Occurred in 3 overlapping phases • Primeval • Philosophical • Scientific

EVOLUTION OF MAIN STRANDS OF PRIMEVAL THINKING

SUPERSTITION “A belief that conflicts with evidence, or for which there is no reasonable basis, and which usually arises from a lack of understanding of natural phenomena or fear of the unknown”

EMERGENCE AND EVOLUTION OF PHILOSOPHICAL THINKING

EVOLUTION OF SCIENCE FROM NATURAL PHILOSOPHY

CONVERGENCE OF PRINCIPAL BRANCHES OF PHYSICS

CONSEQUENCES OF REFLECTIVE CONSCIOUSNESS IN LAST 65 YEARS • Increase in technology → globalization: physical (transport) and electronic – trade, science, education, politics (UN), altruistic activities (MSF), etc. • Complexification of societies – family, company, leisure, social etc. at local, municipal, national, multinational, global levels • Reduction in aggression • Increase in cooperation • Ability to determine our species’ future – for good or for ill

ACCELERATION OF HUMAN EVOLUTION

DUALITY OF HUMAN NATURE Results of reflective thinking versus powerful instincts ingrained over millions of years of prehuman ancestry. Manifested as • Cooperation v. competition • Selflessness v. selfishness • Compassion v. aggression Interpreted as a conflict between good and evil Mythologized • Religions – Cain & Abel – Temptation by Mara of the Buddha, Jesus by Devil • Literature – Jekyll and Hyde

CHANGING DUALITY OF HUMAN NATURE

HUMAN EVOLUTION: A COSMIC PROCESS • Whole evolutionary tree • Consistent pattern in the scientific evidence of human evolution from the matter and energy at the origin of the universe What are we? Uniquely as far as we know we are • the unfinished product of an accelerating cosmic evolutionary process characterized by collaboration, complexification and convergence • the self-reflective agents of our future evolution.

REDUCTION IN AGGRESSION • 24/7 global news shows aggression in 21 st century → impression of increase in aggression • Perception of aggression changed – Scientifically advanced countries no longer acceptable to wage holy wars, honour killings, execute for theft etc. • Evidence of decrease in violent deaths per population very clear, e. g. – War Before Civilisation: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage by Lawrence Keeley – Constant Battles by Steven Le Blanc – The Better Angels of Our Nature by Steven Pinker

APOLLO 8’s EARTH

Entropy at small scale and at a universe scale

SIMPLE EUKARYOTIC CELL