Cosmic rays clouds and climate change Cosmic rays

Cosmic rays, clouds and climate change • Cosmic rays and climate – Definitions – Empirical evidence Henrik Svensmark, Center for Sun Climate Research Space, DTU • Experimental efforts and results – Microphysical mechanism? • Impact on the real atmosphere – Natural experiments with Earth (Forbush decreases) – Ocean heat content (1950 – 2010)

What are Cosmic Rays? Heliosphere, Cosmic Rays and Solar Activity

Cosmic ray shower (Movie) About 70 muons/s /m 2 at the Earths surface In 24 hours about 12 million muons goes through a human body

Strong coherence between solar variability and the monsoon in Oman between 9 and 6 kyr ago The formation of stalagmites in northern Oman has recorded past northward shifts of the intertropical convergence zone 3, whose northward migration stops near the southern shoreline of Arabia in the present climate U. Neff et al. , Nature 411, 290 - 293 (2001)

Cosmic rays and climate over the last millennium Solar irradiance too small, amplification needed! ”Since everybody thought that the continous crop faliure was caused by witches from devilish hate, the whole contry stood up for their eradication” Johann Linden Travis ca. 1590

How can STARS influence Climate? Net effect of clouds is to cool the Earth by about 30 W/m 2

Link between Low Cloud Cover and Galactic Cosmic Rays? Solar cycle variation ISCCP IR Low cloud data 10 0 -10 Calibration? -20 Svensmark & Friis-Christensen, JASTP 1997, Svensmark, PRL 1998, Marsh & Svensmark, PRL, 2000. (update 2005)

Empirical evidence for a relation between cosmic rays and climate If the link is between cosmic rays and clouds, what would the mechanism be?

Aerosol formation and growth Possible link between clouds and cosmic rays H 2 SO 4 & Water & Organic Vapors CN Cloud Drop (Condensation Nuclei) UCN CCN (Ultra Fine Condensation Nuclei) (Cloud Condensation Nuclei) Size 0. 001 mm Nucleation process is unsolved 0. 01 mm 0. 1 mm 10 mm An aerosol is a small cluster of molecules floating in the air

Cosmic Ray Ionization & Aerosol formation and growth + H 2 SO 4 & Water CN - Cloud Drop (Condensation Nuclei) Vapors UCN CCN (Ultra Fine Condensation Nuclei) (Cloud Condensation Nuclei) Size 0. 001 mm What is the importance of IONS ? 0. 01 mm 0. 1 mm 10 mm

Atmospheric conditions! Gamma source SO 2 O 3 H 2 O SKY experiment 2002 - 2006 Gamma source Muon detector Radon detector

Steady state experiment q (cm-3 s-1) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 H 2 SO 4 concentration ~ 2*108 (cm-3) O 3 ~ 25 ppb SO 2 ~ 300 ppt RH ~ 35% Svensmark et al. Proc. R. Soc. A (2007) 463, 385– 396

Does it work in the real atmosphere? Statements 1. There always plenty of CCN in the atmosphere a few more will not matter. 2. It is not important.

Coronal Mass Ejections Natural experiments for testing the GCR-atmosphere link SOHO satellite, one month of observation

Haloween event 2003

A Classic Forbush Decrease

AERONET, SSM/I, MODIS and ISCCP data for 5 strongest Forbush decreases Clouds Aerosols Liquid water Liquid cloud fraction Low Clouds Svensmark, Bondo and Svensmark, GRL

Typical gas phase Aerosol Cloud formation and growth + H 2 SO 4 & Water CN - Cloud Drop (Condensation Nuclei) Vapors UCN CCN (Ultra Fine Condensation Nuclei) (Cloud Condensation Nuclei) Size 0. 001 mm Ion induced formation of aerosols 0. 01 mm 0. 1 mm 10 mm From solar activity to cosmic ray ionization to aerosols and liquid-water clouds, a causal chain appears to operate on a global scale

Ocean Heat Content 1950 – 2010 (0 -700 m) Levitus et al. Domingues et al. Ishii and M. Kimoto

Ocean Heat Content Simple Model DF H (Heat Content) Modelled forcings 1) Volcanoes, (aerosol index) 2) Solar Activity, (cosmic ray variation) 3) Regime shift in 1977, (natural variability) 4) Net antropogenic, (residual)

Ocean Heat Content Volcanoes Svensmark

Solar influence Heat Content Forcing Svensmark Year Solar cycle amplitude consistent with the findings of Nir Shaviv

Regime Shift in 1977

Had. AT 2 tropospheric temperatures (0 – 10 km) Regime shift 850 h. Pa 700 h. Pa 500 h. Pa 300 h. Pa 200 h. Pa

Ocean Heat Content If solar activity and the regime shift is ignored the net anthropogenic contribution increases with a factor 2 -5 Domingues et al. Levitus et al. Ishii & Kimoto

Conclusion Variation in cosmic rays are associated with changes in Earths climate. Strong empirical evidence. (not discussed: long time scales e. g. million of years) Evidence suggest that clouds are the key player. New insight to the physical mechanism has been demonstrated experimentally and observationally • Involving ions and aerosol formation • Linking to clouds and thereby the energy budget of the Earth • Observations further suggest that a large fraction of clouds are influenced by ionization. (6% change in liquid water for a 10 % change in ionization) A large fraction of the recent increase in ocean heat content could be due to natural causes: Solar influence and a regime shift in 1977 The theory ”cosmic rays and climate” is alive and strong

Thanks: Torsten Bondo Nigel Calder Jacob Svensmark Jens Olaf Pedersen Martin Enghoff Ulrik I. Uggerhøj Nigel D. Marsh Sean Paling