Cosmetic Surgery Past Present and Future Martin T

Cosmetic Surgery: Past, Present and Future Martin T Donohoe, MD, FACP

Cosmetic Surgery is a Branch of Plastic Surgery Plastic surgeons repair congenital malformations (e. g. , cleft lip and palate), disfiguring wounds, animal bites, burn injuries, and perform reconstructions after surgeries for chronic and/or malignant conditions n Cosmetic surgery is largely elective and designed to augment “normal” appearance n

Plastic Surgery Charities n Operation Smile - correcting congenital defects in patients in the developing world n Face-to-Face: The National Domestic Violence Project (sponsored by the Am Acad of Facial Plast and Reconstr Surgeons) – for domestic violence victims n Interplast

History of Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery n n 600 BC: Hindu surgeon reconstructs nose using a piece of cheek By 1000 AD: rhinoplasty common n n Due to common practice of cutting off noses and upper lips of enemies 16 th Century: Gaspare Tagliacozzi (“the father of plastic surgery”) reconstructs noses slashed off during duels by transferring flaps of upper arm skin n Also used to reconstruct “saddle nose” deformity of congenital syphilis

History of Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery 1798: Term plastic surgery (from the Greek "plastikos, " fit for molding), coined by Pierre Desault n 19 th century: developments in anesthesia and antisepsis make plastic surgery safer, techniques improve n Skills developed during the World Wars I and II applied to victims of birth defects and automobile and industrial accidents n

History of Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery n Eugenics movement, post-WWII prosperity, rise of movies/TV all increase popularity of cosmetic surgery n 1923: first modern rhinoplasty n 1931: first public face lift

History of Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery n 1950 s: first hair transplants n 1990 s onward: more procedures carried out in doctors’ offices and free -standing surgical centers n 2000 s: Aesthetic medicine, medispas, luxury clinics n < 500 medi-spas in 2003, 1750 in 2011

Medi-Spas n Generate over $1 billion revenue annually in US n Offer cosmetic procedures, massage, aromatherapy, cosmeceuticals n Many physicians not board-certified, often just take a brief course n Overseas medical spa tourism increasing

Motivations for Cosmetic Surgery n n External: avoidance of ethnic prejudice; fear of age discrimination; coercion by spouse/parent/boss Internal: desire to diminish unpleasant feelings like depression, shame, or social anxiety; to alter a specific feature they dislike; desire for a more youthful, healthy look that signals fertility (women); interest in developing a strong, powerful look that may facilitate career advancement

Motivations for Cosmetic Surgery n 20% of women and 10% of men describe themselves as unattractive n Much higher than in the 1990 s

Arguments for Cosmetic Surgery n Aging as a physical illness n Well done face lift takes 9 yrs off appearance Aging as a mental illness n Substitution of happiness for health as the goal of medical treatment n A business service provided to those who desire it, can pay, and accept the risks involved n

Representations of Cosmetic Surgery in Women’s Magazines 2008 study n Only 48% of articles in magazines like Cosmo and O, The Oprah Magazine discuss the impact of cosmetic surgery on emotional health n Most articles link cosmetic surgery with enhanced emotional well-being, regardless of the patient’s pre-existing emotional health n

Cosmetic Surgery n< 8% of members of American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery are plastic surgeons n 50, 000 – 100, 000 physicians who are not plastic surgeons perform cosmetic surgery

2013 National Plastic Surgery Statistics Total cosmetic surgical procedures: 1. 6 million n Total cosmetic minimally-invasive procedures: 13. 4 million n Total reconstructive procedures: 5. 7 million n n Total Expenditures: $12. 6 billion - Source: American Society of Plastic Surgeons

Cosmetic Surgery (2013) n 91% of patients women n 72% Caucasian; 12% Hispanic; 8% African-American; 7% Asian-American n 2/3 report family incomes < $50, 000 n More popular on West Coast

Cosmetic Surgery n 46% of patients have multiple procedures done at the same time n Extremes n 51% known as “drastic plastic” of patients are repeat patients

Cosmetic Surgery n Deaths/Complications rare but occur n E. g. , infections, bleeding, hyponatremia, allergic reactions, anesthetic complications n Revision rates as high as 10% n E. g. , face lift lasts 10 yrs

Cosmetic Surgery – Surgeon’s Fees 2013 prices – Do not include anesthesia, OR facilities, other costs n 1. 6 million surgical procedures: Liposuction: $2, 866 n Rhinoplasty: $4, 545 n Breast augmentation: $3, 678 n Blepharoplasty (eyelid reconstruction): $2, 818 n Abdominoplasty (“tummy tuck”): $5, 217 n Face lift: $6, 566 n

Cosmetic Surgery – Surgeon’s Fees 2013 prices – Do not include anesthesia, OR facilities, other costs n 13 million minimally-invasive procedures: Botox procedure: $380 n Chemical peel: $720 n Microdermabrasion: $148 n Laser hair removal: $301 n Vein sclerotherapy (stripping): $331 n

Cosmetic Surgery: Other Procedures n n n Breast reductions Chemical peel Forehead lift Upper arm lift Silicone injections for fuller buttocks/lips/breasts/muscle atrophy n Illegal and dangerous Injections of mesenchymal stem cells into face

Cosmetic Surgery: Other Procedures Buttock lift n Thigh lift n Liposuction n n “The Mommy Makeover” increasingly popular (abdominoplasty and liposuction)

Most popular cosmetic surgical procedures for men (2013 stats) Rhinoplasty: 57, 391 n Blepharoplasty: 30, 398 n Liposuction: 23, 558 n Breast reduction: 22, 939 n Facelift: 12, 699 n

Other popular procedures for men n n n Botox injections Scalp reduction (for male pattern baldness) Cheek implants Ear reshaping Pectoral implants Chin augmentation (implants) Calf implants

Most popular cosmetic surgical procedures for women (2013 stats) Breast augmentation: 290, 224 n Rhinoplasty: 221, 053 n Liposuction: 199, 817 n Blepharoplasty: 215, 641 n Face lift: 133, 320 n

Cosmetic Surgery Worldwide n Countries with the most plastic surgeons: US, Brazil, China, India, and Japan n Country with the most cosmetic surgery operations per capita = Brazil n City in America with the most plastic surgeons per capita = San Francisco

History of Breast Augmentation n With a few exceptions, large breasts in vogue since antiquity n Brassieres and corsets used to enhance size n 19 th Century: surgical breast enlargements attempted using ivory, glass, metal, rubber, and paraffin

History of Breast Augmentation n 1895: Czerny performs first reported successful human mammary reconstruction n actress who had undergone removal of a fibroadenoma transplanted lipoma from her hip 1903: Charles Miller inserts "braided silk, bits of silk floss, particles of celluloid, vegetable ivory, and several other foreign materials” n granulomatous (foreign body) inflammatory reactions disfiguring and painful

History of Breast Augmentation n 1903 -1950 s: petroleum jelly, beeswax, shellac, and epoxy resins used; use of paraffin caused cancers n Early 1950 s: liquid silicon injections used n 1962: first US woman to receive encapsulated silicon breast implants

History of Breast Augmentation 1992: FDA bans silicone breast implants except in strictly controlled trials for breast cancer reconstructive surgery due to reports linking the implants with a variety of connective tissue diseases and neurological disorders. n Subsequent analyses show no such links n

History of Breast Augmentation n n 2005: FDA allows silicone breast implants back on market (with registry) A minimum of 15% of modern silicone implants will rupture between the third and tenth year after implantation; 20% will require removal within 10 yrs Today: fat transfer, newer generation silicone implants, saline implants, dermal fillers 20% of breast implants done in breast cancer patients

History of Breast Augmentation 2007: Stem cells and fat derived from liposuction used to grow breast tissue in clinical trials in Europe n 2008: Israeli surgeon develops “breast lift procedure” involving internal titanium bra with silicone cups n 2008: My. Free. Implants. com n n Facilitates communication and funding

Breast Implant Complications (most to least common) Capsular contracture n Implant rupture n Hematoma n Wound infection n Increased risk of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (but overall risk very low) n

Breast Implant Complications After Surgery Cosmetic implants – 12% after 5 yrs; 20% after 10 yrs n After prophylactic mastectomy – 30% after 5 yrs; 40% after 10 yrs n After mastectomy for breast cancer – 34% after 5 yrs; 50% after 10 yrs n Latest trend: microsurgical breast reconstruction using implants or autologous tissues n

Poly Implant Prosthe Controversy n PIP was world’s third largest maker of breast implants worldwide n n n Shut down in 2010, government safety alerts in 2011/12 Contained industrial-grade silicone 300, 000 to 400, 000 implanted worldwide

Poly Implant Prosthe Controversy n Disproportionately high rupture rates can cause inflammation and irritation n No evidence for increased cancer risk, unlikely to cause long-term health problems Some authorities recommend removal PIP boss Jean Claude Mas arrested in France, may face manslaughter charges

Breast Implants and Imaging Breast implants decrease sensitivity of screening mammography among asymptomatic women, but do not increase false-positive rate nor affect tumor prognostic characteristics n For women with silicone implants, some recommend screening for silent ruptures with MRI 3 yrs post-implant, then every two years n Expensive, may not effect long-term health n No special screening for those with saline n

New Breasts for Graduating Seniors n 11, 326 procedures performed on 18 -year olds in 2003 n Phenomenon suggests poor parenting, through the capitulation of financially wellendowed parents to the whims of their children, who likely have self-esteem problems and are not yet emotionally (nor perhaps even physically) mature

Breast Augmentation for Females Under Age 18 n 4, 108 procedures on women 18 and under in 2008 n US and EU: breast augmentation surgery allowed on those under age 18 only for medical reasons n Yet 50% of procedures done for purely cosmetic reasons

Headline from The Onion: Plastic Surgeon General Warns of Small Breasts Epidemic

Penile Size n Ancient Greeks believed small penis was superior n Later, phallic identity and phallocentrism increasingly popular – “penis is central to man’s identity, virility”

Penile Size n 55% of men satisfied with their penile size; 85% of women satisfied with their partner’s size n No correlation between shoe size and penile length

Penile Size and Penile Reconstructive Surgery 1971: First penile augmentation surgery n Girth enhancements with fat injections, Alloderm (derived from human skin) n Penile lengthening procedures n Complications: scar, keloid, penile lumps, sexual dysfunction, further penile shortening n Augmentation procedures not sanctioned by American Urological Association n

Cosmetic Surgery Odds and Ends n Most common cosmetic procedure in Asia = eyelid surgery, to create a crease above the eye (up to 60% of Korean women) n “Smile lipt” – popular in South Korea, curves lips into permanent smile n Trisomy-21 surgery (covered in ethical issues slide show)

Reconstructive Surgery – The Latest Hand transplants n Face transplants n 2005: first procedure on female dogmauling victim (10 worldwide through late 2010, 2 associated deaths) n 15 -20 hour procedure (including 5 hours for harvest); involves multidisciplinary team n Ethical issues n n Lifelong immunosuppression required

Cosmetic Neurology n Interventions to enhance the cognitive and emotional brain functions of the neurologically non-diseased n Currently being pursued by the pharmaceutical industry (via drugs to increase intelligence) and the military (via interventions to create more effective soldiers)

Cosmetic Military Neurology “Go-go pills" (amphetamines) used by US soldiers in WW II n Modafinil (wakefulness-promoting agent) improves pilot alertness and performance in helicopter flight simulations. n Many military pilots today rely on caffeine and other stimulants, including amphetamines, to complete missions n

Cosmetic Neurology n Raises concerns about: n Distributive justice n Informed consent n. In the military setting or in children

Cosmetic Surgery – The Fringes The Jewel Eye: implantation of tiny platinum jewels into conjunctiva (20 minutes, $3900) n Am Acad Ophth warns not proven safe n Umbilicoplasty, lengthening/shortening toes to improve “toe cleavage, ” fracturing and resetting jaw to alter smile, forehead implants n

Cosmetic Surgery – The Fringes n Mustache implants – popular in Middle Eastern men n Vampire facial (Kim Kardashian) – injection of 2 tablespoons of blood into face

Cosmetic Surgery – The Fringes n Foreskin restoration n Skin tightening/vein stripping to improve look of “ring selfies” n Boot bulge (calf reduction) liposuction to allow women to fit into knee-high boots

Cosmetic Surgery – The Fringes n Vaginal rejuvenation (aka “aesthetic vaginal surgery, ” aka labiaplasty) tightening/alteration of angle/dimensions, partial labial excisions, fat injection into labia) n 4500 procedures in 2007 n Complications include infection, altered sensation, dyspareunia, adhesions, and scarring n ACOG: “safety and effectiveness have not been documented”

Cosmetic Surgery – The Fringes Hymen reconstructive surgery n The Jade Lady Membrane Man-Made Hymen n Marketed in China n Blood-colored fluid released during sex n Labial dyes (“My New Pink Button”) n “G spot” injections n

Cosmetic Surgery – The Fringes Furries: lovers of anthropomorphized animals n Surgical enhancements n Conventions n Deliberate amputations of body parts n Apotemnophilia – attraction to the idea of being an amputee (a paraphilia) n Not to be confused with acrotomophiliacs – sexually attracted to n

Cosmetic Surgery – The Fringes Wings, chimeras, and stem-cell cosmesis n Sarah Burge (born 1959) holds world plastic surgery record: n Over 100 procedures n Cost = $850, 000 n n Celebrity plastic surgery: n Michael Jackson, Pamela Lee, Meg Ryan, Cher (? ), many others

Prime Time Cosmetic Surgery n ABC TV’s “Extreme Makeover” n Fox TV’s “The Swan” n MTV’s “I Want a New Face” n FX’s Nip Tuck

Pets n Neuticles (artificial pet testicles) n “To boost your pet’s self-image” n Over 250, 000 sold through mid 2008 n No FDA-approved artificial testes for humans, so cancer victims buy and have plastic surgeon install

Pets n We value our pets, but… n In 2008, almost 1200 people purchased stem cell surgery for their dogs n Pet cloning n Pet jewelry n Over $3 billion pet pharmaceutical market

Conclusions Body modification common today and throughout history n Risks involved n Obesity a major public health problem n The body modification and weight loss industries marred by hucksterism, false claims and conflicts of interest n

Conclusions Beauty has different definitions in different times and in different cultures n The health professions can play a constructive role in supporting safe and healthy behaviors and promoting realistic ideals of beauty n More education needed at all levels n

Covered in Other Slide Shows n Ideals of beauty and body modification n Female genital cutting n Body weight and the obesity epidemic n Ethical and policy issues

References Donohoe MT. Beauty and body modification. Medscape Ob/Gyn and Women’s Health 2006; 11(1): posted 4/19/06. Available at n http: //www. medscape. com/viewarticle/529 442 n Donohoe MT. Cosmetic surgery past, present, and future: scope, ethics and policy. Medscape Ob/Gyn and Women’s Health 2006; 11(2): posted 8/28/06. Available at n

Contact Information Public Health and Social Justice Website http: //www. phsj. org martindonohoe@phsj. org