Corruption Sten Strm SidaAsdi Embassy of Sweden Managua
Corruption Sten Ström Sida/Asdi Embassy of Sweden, Managua
How Big Is The Problem? USD 1 000 000 (USD 1 trillion) Each year…. 6 x Sweden’s Gvt debt 152 x Nicaragua’s public debt n n
Disposition: n n What is corruption? (4 -6) How to fight corruption at various levels (7 -13) Corruption in procurement (14 -16) Corruption in Health Sector (17 -18) n n n interaction with patient (19 -20) medical supplies (21 -22) resources management (23 -25)
What Is Corruption? • • Misuse of entrusted power for private gain (Transparency International) Institutions, corporations or individuals obtaining inappropriate gain through their position in operations, thereby causing damage or loss (Sida’s anti-corruption rule)
Examples of Corruption (1) • Bribes (given and received) But also • • • Extortion Favouritism and nepotism Conflict of interests
Examples of Corruption (2) • • Embezzlement Fraud Illegal financing of political parties Impunity
Anti-corruption Work Four levels: • Individual officers • Organisation • Structures of the country • Global development/initiatives
Individual Officers • • Public Administration Acts Organisational rules Systems for internal control Organisational atmosphere • (including examples, incentives, sanctions)
In The Organization • • Assessment of capacity and risk of corruption Mitigate risks (in procurement and monitoring mechanisms: reporting, audit, information to target group) • Extra audits (not just financial/regularity) • Take action
Structures of Country (1) • Financial management systems - plans (revenue forecasts, medium term) - budgets - international control - payment systems - revenue (tax, customs, etc) - accounting - audit - parliament’s scrutiny
Structures of Country (2) • - statistical systems - cadastre - police, prosecutors and courts - ombudsmen - election processes incl. political parties - anti-corruption commissions - decentralisation processes
Structures of Country (3) • • • Corruption studies and support to anticorruption strategies Independent media Watchdog organisations (TI local chapter)
Global Development • • Ratification and implementation of UN: s anticorruption convention, Regional convention (Convención Interamericana Contra la Corrupción), OECD regulations, etc Support to international organisations, methods development, lobbying (www. transparency. org) (www. corisweb. org)
Where Corruption Occurs in The Procurement Process • • Decision to procure Specifications in tender documents Access to tender documents Qualification of tenderer Evaluation of tenders Award decision Contract negotiation and design Contract administration/implementation
Preventing Corruption In Contracting (1) • • Controls can be expensive, ineffective and/or too late No single solution for a complex problem - Laws and Institutions - Education/training - Access to information by media, watchdog NGOs - Codes of Ethics
Preventing Corruption In Public Contract (2) • • • Based on transparency - Facilitate monitoring and participation - Encourage accountability Integrity pacts, publish what you pay OECD Convention- illegal bribing of foreign officials Increase risk of detection and “cost” if caught Change of attitudes
Corruption in Health Sector Causes and consequences n n n Imbalance in information High degree of discretion Low productivity without accountability Decentralisation without monitoring Vulnerability
Corruption in Health Sector
Health worker/patient interaction - problems n n n Informal payments Private practices/self-referral Training/accreditation Health care fraud Conflict of interest
Health worker/patient interaction - actions n n n Salaries Official user fees Accountability, improved management Code of ethics Access to information Voice based strategies
Management of medical supplies - problems n n n Availability Registration of drugs Drug selection Procurement Distribution/misappropriation
Management of medical supplies - actions n n Regulatory authorities/procedures List of essential medicines WHO principles Inventory control
Resources management problems n n n Budget process Lack of accountability Budget leakages Multiple/large funding Promotion
Resources management actions n n n n Improved systems Budget transparency, participation Decentralisation Privatisation Tracking resource flows WHO ethical guidelines Information campaigns
But most importantly…. How to create a ”public ethos” (civil servants), focussed more on public good than on personal gain ?
- Slides: 25