Copper Molybdenum 1 Copper Molybdenum Metabolism Function Requirement

Copper & Molybdenum 1

Copper & Molybdenum Metabolism Function Requirement Deficiency Toxicity Sources Supplemented 2

Copper & Molybdenum In 1928 Cu was discovered an essential for growth and hemoglobin formation In 1938 investigators were discovered that wasting disease (salt-sick) to be caused by deficiency of Co, Fe and Cu Biological roles of Mo was discovered in 1938 that occurring teart disease coused by ingestion high forage level of Mo Than was found that teart was prevented and cured by large doses of copper sulfate 3

Copper & Molybdenum Cu and Mo have nutritional and biochemical interaction between them Grazing ruminants are Cu deficiency most likely to suffer from and/or Mo excess 4

Copper Absorption In most animals Cu is poorly absorb, about 5 -10 % in adult and 15 -30 % in young animals Cu can be absorbed in all segment of the gasterointestinal tract, but, the major site of Cu absorption is upper section of small intestine Metallothionin in the epithelial cells of the intestine may play a key role in the regulation of Cu absorption to meet the need of the organism Dietary phytates, High level of Ca, Fe, Zn and Cd or Mo reduced absorption of Cu 5

Copper transport and storage Cu absorbed Cu bound to albumin and amino acids Nearly 90 % of Cu in mammalian plasma is in the form of the Cu metalloprotein The liver is the main site of Cu storage Ceruloplasmin is synthesis in liver Ceruloplasmin is the Cu carrier from Liver to the other organs 6

Molybdenum Metabolism Mo is readily and rapidly absorbed, but absorption of Mo. S 2 (Mo disulfide) is poor There is little storage of Mo in all tissue and fluids Most of the storage is in the bones and liver Dietary protein , Fe, Zn, Pb, tungstate, ascorbic acid and a-tocopherol influence the Mo level in tissues Mo is rapidly excreted, mainly by urine and in part through in bile 7

Copper - Molybdenum – Sulfur intraction Mo reduces the deposition of Cu and the synthesis of ceruloplasmin, Cu excretion in bile Decrease but in urine Increase dietary Cu Reduce Mo Deposition in liver Increase Sulfur level urinary Mo Increase while tissue Mo Deposition Decrease reduction of Sulfate to Sulfide in the rumen Thiomolybdate forming Form Cu thiomolybdate Insoluble and non-utilizable TTM and protein in ruminant Cu sulfide –insoluble- unabsorbed in gut 8

Copper - Molybdenum – Sulfur intraction 9

Copper Biological Function Metalloenzyme: Cytochrome oxidase Lysyl oxidases (cellular respiration) (Cu deficiency depress phospholipide synthesis in the liver) (cross link of connective tissue) (Collagen and elastine) SOD Dopamin- -hydroxylase Tyrosinase (Tyr to Melanine) Hemoglobine synthesis 10

Copper Biological Function Cellular respiration, Bone formation, Proper cardiac function, Connective tissue development, Myelination of nerve cell (spinal cord), Neurotransmitors formation (dopamine and norepinephrine) Keratination (disulfide bonding) and tissue Pigmentation Reproduction ( embryo anemia and homorrhages and fetal death caused by defect in RBC and conective tissue formation) Immune sestem (T & B cell, neutrophils and macrophages, humoral immune response (AB) 11

Molybdenum Biological Function Component of six enzymes including: Xanthine oxidase a flavoenzyme with an atom of molybdenum and four iron-sulfur centers in its prosthetic group (Catabolism of purine to uric acide) Aldehyede oxidase (Niacine metabolism) Sulfite oxidase (sulfite to sulfate for final excretion in urine) Xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase are involved in ETC (Cyt-c) 12