Coordination and subordination Connecting Ideas Through Coordination Ideas

Coordination and subordination

Connecting Ideas Through Coordination �Ideas expressed in short simple sentences can be joined to make a more effective sentence. �Coordination is a method that can be done in two ways �Use a comma and a FANBOYS conjunction, or �Use a semicolon and a joining word.

Coordination: Combining ideas within a sentence in ways that give the ideas equal importance and emphasis. Coordination uses coordinating conjunctions to join clauses—independent/independent & independent/dependent. For And Nor But Or. Yet So

Coordination can be used to logical relationships Accumulation (using and, or nor) The boys worked hard to earn money, and they wanted to spend it on candy. Contrast (using but and yet) The boys worked hard to earn money but felt they weren’t paid well for their effort. Cause and effect (so and for) The boys worked hard to earn money, so they could all buy something special.

Some key subornation concepts An independent clause is a group of words that can stand on its own as a sentence. It is the “strongest” part of a sentence. Independent clause: The students howled in disapproval. A dependent clause is a group of words that cannot stand on its own as a sentence. It is a fragment. When combined with an independent clause, the dependent clause is the “weakest” part of the sentence. Dependent clause: When the college president announced a 50% increase in tuition.

Combining Independent and Dependent Clauses When the college president announced a 50% increase in tuition, the students howled in disapproval. The students howled in disapproval when the college president announced a 50% increase in tuition. Dependent clause Independent clause

Most dependent clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions. after although as because even though if in order that once since so that than that unless until when where whenever while before over Etc.

The storm had subsided, and the roads were still flooded. Although the storm had subsided, the roads were still flooded. Go to the store, and buy some milk. Please buy some milk if you go to the store. The townspeople heard there was an approaching storm, and they stocked up on supplies. The townspeople, when they learned there was an approaching blizzard, stocked up on supplies.

Use subordination not just to combine ideas and create “flow” but also to emphasize your most important ideas. Put the most important ideas in the strongest part of the sentence—the independent clause. Although the storm had subsided, the roads were still flooded. Despite the fact that the roads were still flooded, the storm had subsided.

� Identify the subordinate element � Because they enjoy learning about their families, some people are willing to spend hours doing research on the subject. � Some people, because they enjoy learning about their families, are willing to spend hours doing research on the subject. � Some people are willing to spend hours doing research on their families because they enjoy learning about them.

The hamburger patties sizzled. They were in the pan. They were greasy and grainy with oatmeal. They reminded me of bubbling calf brains. Emphasize that the patties sizzled. Emphasize that the patties were in the pan. Emphasize that the patties were greasy and grainy with oatmeal. Emphasize that they reminded me of bubbling brains.

�You should avoid opening your sandwich on your lap. Mustard stains are hard to wash out of clothes. �Use coordination to combine the above sentences and give each equal importance. �Write a sentence that emphasizes that you should avoid opening your sandwich on your lap.

Commas and FANBOYS �FANBOYS conjunctions, more commonly called coordinating conjunctions, are used with a comma to connect two independent clauses. �A clause is a grammatical unit that contains a subject and a verb. �An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. �This is the pattern used when a FANBOYS conjunction is used with a comma to connect two independent clauses. �The comma goes before the FANBOYS conjunction.

Formula Independent clause, and independent clause �Examples: � Marcus scanned the crowded cafeteria. (independent clause) � He did not see his friend Hannah. (Independent Clause) � These two independent clauses, or simple sentences, can be connected with a FANBOYS and a comma. � Marcus scanned the crowded cafeteria, but he did not see his friend Hannah.

Semicolon and Joining Word �The other method of coordination is by using a semicolon and a joining word. �Once again, a complete sentence (independent clause) should appear on both sides of the semicolon. �Example: �Mary thought she would have extra money left over at the end of the month. �She did not anticipate having to buy a new battery for her car. �Mary thought she would have extra money left over at the end of the month; however, she did not anticipate having to buy a new battery for her car.

Another Way Connecting Ideas Through Subordination �Ideas can be connected by subordination. Placing a dependent word such as because, although, if, when, or after in front of an independent clause makes it a dependent or subordinate clause, one that can no longer stand on its own as a sentence. �It must be connected therefore, to another idea that is stated as a complete sentence. �It will then depend on the sentence it is attached to and can no longer be separated from it.

Here are some examples. �Example 1: �Rashida had no time to sit down for breakfast. She picked up a banana and a granola bar and walked out the door. �If the dependent clause acts as an introductory clause, a comma follows it. Because dependent clause, independent clause Connected �Because Rashida had no time to sit down for breakfast, she picked up a banana and granola bar and walked out the door.

The Alternate Method. �Cars were backed up for miles on the interstate. A tractor-trailer truck had turned over, blocking two lanes. Independent clause because dependent clause Connected �Cars were backed up for miles on the interstate because a tractor-trailer truck had turned over, blocking two lanes.

Subordination

Preliminaries �Coordination: two clauses joined together in which both are fully finite and fully independent; neither is dependent on the other. �Subordination two clauses, one of which is dependent on the other (larger) clause for some part of its interpretation.

Coordination vs. Subordination � Whereas coordination organizes text, it does not emphasize or show relationships between words phrases or clauses � Subordination shows which of the presented ideas is most important (emphasis). � Subordination allows writers to identify the main idea of a sentence or refine that sentences meaning.

Creating Emphasis through Subordination �Dependent words also act as transitional words, showing the relationship between the ideas. �Using dependent clauses help downplay one idea while emphasizing another. �Usually, the idea expressed in the independent clause is of greater importance, while the idea in the dependent clause is of lesser importance.

What is subordination? � Like coordination, subordination joins two closely related sentences. However, with subordination, you put a dependent word (such as after, although, or because) in front of one of the sentences. These words are known as subordinating conjunctions. RELATED SENTENCES Roy got a higher-paying job. He was able to buy a car. JOINED Because Roy got a higherpaying job, he was able to buy a car.

Common Subordinating Conjunctions after before unless although even though until as if when as if since where because so that while

What else can subordination do? � Subordination can: Add order to a sentence Place an emphasis on a particular idea within the sentence Allow writers to add details to a sentence

1. Choose the correct subordinating conjunction to complete the sentence. ______ Nat is often annoying, he can be very kind. A) After B) Because C) Although D) none of the above

1. Choose the correct subordinating conjunction to complete the sentence. ______ Nat is often annoying, he can be very kind. ANSWER: A) After B) Because C) Although D) none of the above

2. Choose the correct subordinating conjunction to complete the sentence. ____ you go to the party, make sure you let them know you’re coming. A) Before B) Even though C) Where D) none of the above

2. Choose the correct subordinating conjunction to complete the sentence. ____ you go to the party, make sure you let them know you’re coming. ANSWER: A) Before B) Even though C) Where D) none of the above

3. Choose the correct subordinating conjunction to complete the sentence. We will have classes tomorrow ______ it snows in the morning. A) as if B) so that C) unless D) none of the above

3. Choose the correct subordinating conjunction to complete the sentence. We will have classes tomorrow ______ it snows in the morning. ANSWER: A) as if B) so that C) unless D) none of the above

4. Choose the correct subordinating conjunction to complete the sentence. We like Professor Garcia _____ she presents information clearly. A) even though B) because C) although D) none of the above

4. Choose the correct subordinating conjunction to complete the sentence. We like Professor Garcia _____ she presents information clearly. ANSWER: A) even though B) because C) although D) none of the above

5. Choose the correct subordinating conjunction to complete the sentence. My nephews and nieces are fun to baby sit _______ they’re awfully noisy. A) if B) as C) even though D) none of the above

5. Choose the correct subordinating conjunction to complete the sentence. My nephews and nieces are fun to baby sit _______ they’re awfully noisy. ANSWER: A) if B) as C) even though D) none of the above

6. Choose the correct subordinating conjunction to complete the sentence. ____ you were napping, the dogs got into the garbage cans. A) While B) Where C) So that D) none of the above

6. Choose the correct subordinating conjunction to complete the sentence. ____ you were napping, the dogs got into the garbage cans. ANSWER: A) While B) Where C) So that D) none of the above

7. Choose the correct subordinating conjunction to complete the sentence. _______ we moved to this neighborhood, our car has been broken into three times. A) Since B) Before C) As D) none of the above

7. Choose the correct subordinating conjunction to complete the sentence. _______ we moved to this neighborhood, our car has been broken into three times. ANSWER: A) Since B) Before C) As D) none of the above

8. Choose the correct subordinating conjunction to complete the sentence. I want to go to Hollywood _______ I can fulfill my dream of being a movie star. A) although B) unless C) so that D) none of the above

8. Choose the correct subordinating conjunction to complete the sentence. I want to go to Hollywood _______ I can fulfill my dream of being a movie star. ANSWER: A) although B) unless C) so that D) none of the above

9. Choose the correct subordinating conjunction to complete the sentence. _______ I see a good opportunity, I try to take advantage of it. A) Although B) When C) Unless D) none of the above

9. Choose the correct subordinating conjunction to complete the sentence. _______ I see a good opportunity, I try to take advantage of it. ANSWER: A) Although B) When C) Unless D) none of the above

10. Choose the correct subordinating conjunction to complete the sentence. ____ you apologize, Danielle probably will forgive you. A) So that B) As C) If D) none of the above

10. Choose the correct subordinating conjunction to complete the sentence. ____ you apologize, Danielle probably will forgive you. ANSWER: A) So that B) As C) If D) none of the above

EXAMPLES emphasis on the pay �Although the work is dangerous the job pays well. emphasis on the danger �Although the job pays well, the work is dangerous. emphasis on the cheer �A cheer went up from the crowd as the home team scored the winning run. emphasis on the run �The home team scored the winning run as a cheer went up from the crowd.