Coordination and Parallel Structure Using Coordinating Conjunctions and

Coordination and Parallel Structure Using Coordinating Conjunctions and Paired Coordinators and Maintaining Parallel Structure 9/9/2021 1

What is coordination? n n n Coordination is a method of combining words, phrases, and clauses. Coordinated structures are equal in importance. Thus, they should be parallel in structure; 9/9/2021 2

What is parallel structure? n n n When a writer repeats the same grammatical unit (word, phrase, clause, and/or even paragraph structure), she is using parallel structure. Parallel structure is required when using coordination to join words, phrases, or clauses in a single sentence. Here are some famous examples of parallel structure: 9/9/2021 3

Famous examples for Winston Churchill, British Prime Minister during World War II: n All the great things are simple, and many can be expressed in a single word: freedom, justice, honor, duty, mercy, hope. Note: the words in italics are all nouns. 9/9/2021 4

n n Criticism may not be agreeable, but it is necessary. Note: this sentence demonstrates parallel structure in two independent clauses: n 9/9/2021 S + V + [complement], but S + V + [complement]. 5

Parallelism within a single sentence: n n n He has blue eyes. He has gray hair. He has a grey beard. n 9/9/2021 He has blue eyes, gray hair, and a grey beard. 6

n n n Today, students can simultaneously send text messages to their friends. They can simultaneously take notes from their instructors. They can simultaneously listen to music on their Ipods. n Today, students can simultaneously send text messages to their friends, take notes from their instructors, and listen to music on their I-pods. 9/9/2021 7

n n Students have to deal with three issues. They have to deal with too little money. They have to deal with too much homework. They have to deal with too little sleep. n 9/9/2021 Students have to deal with three issues: too little money, too much homework, and too little sleep. 8

Parallelism in a paragraph n n Parallel structure can be used to organize a paragraph. See the following examples from two speeches: 9/9/2021 9

Parallelism within a paragraph: n “We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air. We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landinggrounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender!" 9/9/2021 10

Martin Luther King, 1963 Speech at the Lincoln Memorial n I have a dream that one day. . . little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. 9/9/2021 11

Lesson Summary n At the end of this lesson, you will be able to n n 9/9/2021 Recognize parallel structure, Use parallel structure effectively, Maintain parallel structure between/among coordinated items, and Correctly punctuate coordinated items. 12

2 types of coordinators n Coordinating conjunctions: n n For, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so are the most common coordinators. Paired Coordinators: n n n 9/9/2021 Both. . . and; either. . . or; neither. . . nor; whether. . . or; and not only. . . but also 13

n You join words, phrases, and/or clauses with n n n 9/9/2021 simple coordinators, paired coordinators, or series coordinators. 14

I. Simple Coordination uses coordinating conjunctions to combine n 2 words n n 2 phrases n n Bitsy bites and growls at strangers. Grading papers and preparing lessons take a lot of time. 2 clauses n 9/9/2021 The giant panda Ling is expecting a baby, so the zoo doctors are very excited. 15

Simple Coordinators n The words used to achieve simple coordination are the coordinating conjunctions n n n n 9/9/2021 For And Nor But Or Yet So 16

Meanings of the Coordinating Conjunctions n n Coordinating conjunctions signal specific relationships between the coordinated items. Study the charts on the next two slides to see the relationship signaled by specific coordinating conjunctions. 9/9/2021 17

Chart: Coordinating Conjunctions and Their Relationhips Addition and Jean ate tacos and pizza. Contrast but I want to buy a new car, but (yet) I don’t have enough money. I had little sleep, so I was tired. yet Effect so Cause for 9/9/2021 I was tired, for I had little sleep. 18

Chart continued Time And then We ate dinner, and then we watched television. Alternative – one but not the other Or I have time to study or sleep. Negative alternatives-not either of them Nor He didn’t sleep, nor did he eat. 9/9/2021 19

Simple Coordination with 2 nouns n n 9/9/2021 He likes tacos and pizza. Cats and dogs make good pets. He enjoys hiking and skiing. Note: When coordinating two words, do not use a comma before the coordinating conjunction. 20

Simple Coordination with 2 Verbs n n She watches television and studies at the same time. He has applied for a job and rented an apartment. She has been studying and working hard. NOTE: if you are coordinating two or more verb phrases and they are the same verb tense, do not repeat the helper verb(s). 9/9/2021 21

Practice: Write three sentences that have coordinated predicate verbs. Use the coordinator in parentheses to join the verbs. 1. 2. 3. (and)__________ __ (but)___________ (nor)___________ _ 9/9/2021 22

However, n If you are coordinating two verb phrases but they do not have the same form (tense), then you must use the full tenses, for example n 9/9/2021 I could have slept longer but did not choose to. 23

Form a simple sentence from the two clauses by coordinating the predicates with an appropriate n n I hate soap operas. I cannot imagine watching them. 9/9/2021 24

Simple Coordination with 2 Adjectives n n The red and blue flag flapped in the wind. I have a cute and cuddly cat. The crying and sniffling child clung to his mother. I was a curious yet cautious child. 9/9/2021 25

Simple Coordination with 2 phrases n -ing phrases (gerund + objects): n n -infinitive phrases (to + base + object): n n Studying for exams and taking care of a family fill up my daily schedule. When I graduate, I want to get a better job and buy a house. verb phrases: n 9/9/2021 Fay smokes cigars and talks on her cell at the same time. 26

Practice: Write three sentences, each of which has coordinated phrases. n n n __________________________ 9/9/2021 27

Simple Coordination with 2 independent clauses (IC) n IC + comma + [coord. conj] + IC. n n The hurricane damaged the traffic lights, so driving on the roads was very dangerous. NOTE: n n 9/9/2021 There is a subject and verb on both sides of the “so. ” Therefore, you must use a comma + a coordinating conjunction. 28

Tips on Using “Nor” in simple coordination. n You must use nor (not or) when negating the second of two negative independent clauses: n n n He cannot find anyone now, nor does he expect to find anyone in the future. Jane will never compromise with Bill, nor will Bill compromise with Jane. Note that in these constructions, nor requires question (inverted) word order in the second clause. 9/9/2021 29

Parallel after a colon n A colon at the end of a sentence often signals that what follows is a list of some kind. The items in this list should always be in parallel form: n n 9/9/2021 My ideal spouse has several characteristics: honesty, fidelity, and intelligence. We put the gigantic chair at every possible place in the room: near the window, in front of the fire place, in the corner. 30

Practice with Simple Coordination: Complete each sentence. 1. 2. 3. Jerome just bought a new car, but _____________. I’ve got several ways to save money at the grocery store: _____________ John cooked dinner and _____________. 9/9/2021 31

II. Correlative Conjunctions n Correlative conjunctives require the writer to use two words or two pairs of words to coordinate items: n n n 9/9/2021 both. . . and; either. . . or; neither. . . nor; whether. . . or; and not only. . . but also 32

n n Like coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions signal specific relationships between the coordinated items. The charts on the next two slides present the relationships. 9/9/2021 33

Chart: Correlative Conjunctions and Their Relationships Addition with emphasis Both. . . and Both Thuy and Neringa passed the exam. alternative Whether. . . or I don’t know whether to study or party. 9/9/2021 34

Chart: Correlative Conjunctions and Their Relationships continued Positive Alternative – one but not both Negative alternative – not both 9/9/2021 Either. . . or I either fell asleep or spaced out during the lecture. Neither. . . nor I neither fell asleep nor spaced out during the lecture. 35

Chart: Correlative Conjunctions and Their Relationships continued Addition with strong emphasis Not only. . . but also He is not only brilliant but also kind. He not only sings but also plays the guitar. 9/9/2021 36

Correlative Conjunctions with Nouns n n n 9/9/2021 Neither the rain nor the sleet stopped the mailman. He gave the book to either Jeanne or Grace. Not only the tired, confused student but also the irritated, stressed out teacher decided to leave early. I am not sure whether Dayanne or Jin went to the party. Both Pui and her sister are taking EAP writing. 37

n When using neither in a construction. that negates two parts of a sentence, use nor (not or) in the second part. n n 9/9/2021 He is neither able nor (not or) willing to go. She has neither money nor ambition. 38

Correlative Conjunctions with Adjectives n n 9/9/2021 He bought either a blue or a red Mini. Cooper. She is neither energetic nor entertaining. Tomas is not only wise but also generous. Jean Pierre is both generous and hardworking. 39

Write 3 sentences about yourself. Use the correlative conjunctions to coordinate two adjectives. n n n (not only. . . but also) (neither. . . nor) (both. . . and) 9/9/2021 40

Correlative Conjunctions with Verbs n n n 9/9/2021 Samantha either drove or walked to school. He not only ate but also studied. The man has not only lied but also stolen. The student should both study more and relax more. Whether he studies or exercises is up to him. 41

Practice: n n n Everyday, I not only ______ but also _______. I don’t know whether I ______ or _______. Yesterday, I neither ______ nor _______. 9/9/2021 42

Correlative Conjunctions with Phrases n Gerund phrase: n n Infinitive phrase: n 9/9/2021 Neither taking a nap nor watching television helped him relax. He preferred either to watch television or to surf the Internet. 43

n Participial Phrase: n n Prepositional Phrase: n 9/9/2021 She was either bored after his lecture or insulted during the lecture. Jason was so angry that he threw his textbooks both out the window and into the trash. 44

Correlative Conjunctions with Clauses n n n Like coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions can join clauses. However, the word order differs when combining clauses with paired coordinators. Know the word order rules for paired coordinators 9/9/2021 45

Rules for not only. . . but also n When coordinating two independent clauses with not only. . . but also, n n The first IC begins with Not only, has question word order, and is followed with a comma: Not only is he tired, The comma is followed by but also, the second IC in statement word order, and a period. n 9/9/2021 Not only is he tired, but also he is sick. 46

Demonstration: 1. 2. You should rest. (IC) You should exercise. (IC) 1. 9/9/2021 Not only should you rest, but also you should exercise. 47

Practice: Use not only. . . but also to combine each pair of independent clauses. 1. 2. Susan sings. Susan dances. 1. 3. 4. _____________ __ Jose has read several books this week. Jose has written more than five essays. 1. 9/9/2021 _____________ __ 48

Practice: Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. Susan sings. Susan dances. 1. Not only does Susan dance, but also she sings. Jose has read several books this week. Jose has written more than five essays. 1. Not only has Jose read several books this week, but also he has written five essays. 9/9/2021 49

Rules for either. . . or 1. 2. 3. Begin the first clause with Either and the second clause with or Use a comma between the first IC and the second IC. Use statement word order in both independent clauses. 1. 9/9/2021 Either the teacher gave the wrong assignment, or the student misunderstood the assignment. 50

Rules for neither. . . nor 1. 2. 3. Begin the first clause with Neither and the second clause with nor Use a comma between the first IC and the second IC. Use question word order in both independent clauses. ¢ 9/9/2021 Neither has the teacher given the wrong assignment, nor has the student misunderstood the assignment. 51

Practice: Use either. . . or OR neither. . . nor to combine the pairs of ICs. 1. 2. Lee didn’t study for the exam. Lee didn’t turn in his homework. n 3. 4. ______________ Joyce did her homework. Joyce cooked dinner for her family. ¢ 9/9/2021 ______________ 52

Practice: Answers 1. 2. Long didn’t study for the exam. Long didn’t turn in his homework. n 3. 4. Either Long didn’t study for the exam, or he didn’t turn in his homework. (Long didn’t do one of the actions. ) Joyce did her homework. Joyce cooked dinner for her family. ¢ 9/9/2021 Either Joyce did her homework, or she cooked dinner for her family. 53

Rules for whether. . . or n Use whether at the beginning of a noun clause and then use or to set out the alternative nouns, adjectives, verbs, or ICs: I don’t know whether crying or laughing is the best solution. n I wonder whether he cried or laughed. n Whether she left early or late is unclear. n The teacher doesn’t care whether we turn in our essays in class or send them by e 9/9/2021 54 mail. n

Practice: Write three sentences using whether. . . if 1. 2. 3. ________________________ _ 9/9/2021 55

Series Coordination (three or more items in a series) with -n Words n n n Many moviegoers think Hannibal Lecter is dangerous, mysterious, and fascinating. I cooked, washed, and studied. NOTE: In series coordination with words and phrases, always use a comma and the coordination conjunction and between the last two items in the series: 1, 2, and 3; 1, 2, 3, and 4. 9/9/2021 56

Coordination of phrases in a series n Verb Phrases: n n The car sped down the icy hill, slid over the embankment, and slammed into a tree. Participial phrases: n 9/9/2021 Standing in line, talking on the phone, and listening to her children fight are Maria’s least favorite activities. 57

Coordination of Clauses in a Series n n Hillary Clinton is a caring mother; she is an accomplished attorney, and she speaks intelligently about important issues. Note about Punctuation: When coordinating 3 or more short independent clauses, use a comma to join those clauses not joined by the comma + coordinating conjunction. 9/9/2021 58

5 Tips on Coordination requires parallel construction, which means that the coordinated items should have the same form if possible. ¢ ¢ ¢ 9/9/2021 He enjoys sailing and sky diving. She has not arrived nor called. Sandra ate dinner, and then she called her mom. 59

Paired coordination requires that the paired coordinators be in the same grammatical position in the sentence. n n 9/9/2021 He is neither a banker nor an accountant. She smokes not only cigarettes but also cigars. 60

Do not use a comma when only two words or phrases are being coordinated, either with simple or paired coordination. n n 9/9/2021 Don and Joanne like to ski. I have to write an essay and a lab report. 61

Do use a comma when coordinating three or more words, phrases, or clauses: n n 9/9/2021 After eating a taco, gulping a Pepsi, and gobbling up a Snickers candy bar, Neringa had a stomach. When I get home from school, I eat a sandwich, change into my uniform, and drive to work. 62

Use a comma when coordinating two clauses with a coordinating conjunction. n 9/9/2021 I enjoyed the movie, so I want to see it again. 63