Conventional Eye Evolution Evolution of the Eye https

Conventional Eye Evolution

Evolution of the Eye https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=7 j. Ehz. An 1 h. Dc http: //www. dailymotion. com/video/xf 0 ibj_richard-dawkins-explains-evolution_tech

Evolution of the Eye

Evolution of the Eye

Evolution of the Eye

Convergent Evolution • In vertebrates, 1 represents the retina and 2 is the nerve fibers, including the optic nerve (3), whereas in the octopus eye, 1 and 2 represent the nerve fibers and retina respectively. 4 represents the blind spot, which is notably absent from the octopus eye. Vertebrate and Cephalopod eyes

Learning from Echinoderms! A Road Less Travelled By

Echinoderm Diversity

Starfish Brittle Star Crinoid Sea Urchin Sea Cucumber http: //biochemicalsoul. com/2009/06/echinodermata-for-the-win/

The brittle star http: //www. ck 12. org/life-science/Types-of-Echinoderms-in-Life-Science/lesson/Types-of-Echinoderms/ http: //www. reef 2 rainforest. com/2013/08/28/brittle-stars-secrets-of-the-ophiuroidea/

The brittle star http: //www. ck 12. org/life-science/Types-of-Echinoderms-in-Life-Science/lesson/Types-of-Echinoderms/

Brittle Star Wataru Watanabe et al. J. R. Soc. Interface 2012; 9: 102 -109

Brittle Star Wataru Watanabe et al. J. R. Soc. Interface 2012; 9: 102 -109 http: //cronodon. com/Bio. Tech/Ophiuroids. html

Radial Nervous System: Look, Ma, No Brain! Wataru Watanabe et al. J. R. Soc. Interface 2012; 9: 102 -109

Brittle Star Locomotion https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=X 8 UEST-fl. CM https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Xyr 6_c 3 vd. JY

Brittle Star Locomotion Wataru Watanabe 1, Takeshi Kano 1, Shota Suzuki 1 and Akio Ishiguro

Brittle Star Behavior • Seek refuge in shadows, caves • Detect them from several centimeters away, but how?

Night and Day • Lightsensitive brittlestar species Ophiocoma wendtii changes color markedly from day (left) to night (right). • Ophiuroid eye video! feat. Dr. Gordon Hendler

Armor and Eye in One • Lightsensitive brittlestar species Ophiocoma wendtii changes color markedly from day (left) to night (right).

Brittle Stars Are All Eyes • Electron micrographs of calcite skeleton reveals thousands of lenses • Each 40 – 50 micrometers across • Each focusing on spot 10 micrometers deep => nervous system • "Once again we find that nature foreshadowed our technical developments, " says Roy Sambles of the University of Exeter in the United Kingdom

Brittle star eyes (Left) SEM of the cross section of an individual lens in O. wendtii. (Below)Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a brittlestar lens design

Brittle star eyes Lens: composed of tiny calcite crystals. Calculated lens: what a manufactured lens would look like, performing the same function. Nerve bundles probably pick up light signal.

Brittle Star Eyes: Biological Shades Schematics of filtering and diaphragm action of chromatophores Upper: night: shades of grey Lower: day: reddish brown pigment-filled chromatophore cell; R – receptor; P – pore; L – lens http: //aizenberglab. seas. harvard. edu/papers/2005_Nanotoday. pdf

Biomimic of Brittlestar eyes Transmission tunability through a lens array using controlled transport of lightabsorbing liquid in the channels between lenses. Images formed near the lenes focal point c)without and d) with light absorbing liquid http: //aizenberglab. seas. harvard. edu/papers/2005_Nanotoday. pdf

The cover of the journal Science features an up-close look at an artificial compound eye. The honeycomb structure is an array of mini-lenses, each of which is hooked up to a device for transmitting the incoming light signal to a central processor.

Eye Evolution “slides” click Animals have come up with a wide variety of solutions to capturing light But: Mantis shrimp's super colour vision debunked

What can this fish tell us?

• the first vertebrate known to have developed mirrors to focus light into its eyes. • it technically has two eyes, each of which is split into two connected parts

Spookfish give us an eyeful (A–C) Flash photographs of a recently captured spookfish in both dorsal (A and B) and ventral (C) view. Note the yellow-orange eyeshine in the main tubular eyes in the dorsal view and the eyeshine from the diverticulum when viewed ventrally. The black structures lateral of the main eyes in the dorsal view are the upper surfaces of the diverticula. A Novel Vertebrate Eye Using Both Refractive and Reflective Optics Hans-Joachim Wagner , Ron H. Douglas , Tamara M. Frank , Nicholas W. Roberts , Julian C. Partridge Current Biology, Volume 19, Issue 2, 2009, 108 - 114 http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. cub. 2008. 11. 061 (D) Ventral view of both eyes removed from the head, showing the silvery argentea on the base of the main eye. The ventral edge of a “mirror” within the diverticulum (arrow) is clearly visible through a transparent ventral “cornea. ”

Spookfish Eyes: Here’s Looking at you! above 1. Mirror eye - light from below a) Retina b) Mirror 2. Tubular eye – light from above c) Lens d) Retina below The eyes of the sixeyed spookfish direct additional light to the principal eyes for improved deep-sea vision via a third pair of accessory 'eyes’, not shown.

So, where’s the Biomimicry?