Control Structures Repetition or Iteration or Looping Part

Control Structures Repetition or Iteration or Looping Part II

Loop Controls Counter-controlled loops repeat a specific number of times Event-controlled loops repeats until something happens in the loop body to change the evaluation of the expression

Sentinels These are used in event-controlled loops. The loop can be executed any number of times. It stops only when a specifie event occurs. *

Running Totals // count =1 while (count <=4) { cout << “n. Enter a number: “; cin >> num; total = total + num; cout “The total is now “ << total << endl; count++; } *

Flag Example num = 0; while ( num != 999 ) { total = total + num; cout “n. The total is now “ << total; cout << “Enter a number: “; cin >> num; }

Flag Example flag = 1; while ( flag ) { total = total + num; cout “n. The total is now “ << total; cout << “Enter a number: “; cin >> num; if( num > 999) flag = 0; }

Sentinel Example cout << “n. Enter a number: “; cin >> num; } primary read != <=4 999 ) while ( num count { total = total + num; cout “n. The total is now “ << total; cout << “Enter a number: “; cin >> num; count++; } ****

More Examples count = 1; total = 0; cout << "Enter a number: "; cin >> num; while (count <= 4) { total = total + num; cout << "Enter a number: "; cin >> num; count++; } count--; average = total / count; cout << "n. The average is " << average << 'n';

break and continue Statements Interrupt the normal flow of control. break causes an exit from innermost enclosing loop or switch statement. continue cause current iteration of a loop to stop and the next iteration to begin immediately. continue may only be used in while, for, and do loops. ***

The break Statement int j =50; 1 while (j < 80) 2 { 3 j += 10; 4 if (j == 70) 5 break; 6 cout << “j is “ << j<< ‘n’; 7 } 8 cout << “We are out of the loop. n”;

The break Statement Output j is 60 We are out of the loop. Sequence of execution: 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5

The continue Statement int j =50; 1 while (j < 80) 2 { 3 j += 10; 4 if (j == 70) 5 continue; continue 6 cout << “j is “ << j<< ‘n’; 7 } 8 cout << “We are out of the loop. n”;

The continue Statement Output j is 60 j is 80 We are out of the loop. Sequence of execution: 1 2 3 4 6 7 18 1 2 3 4 5

break and continue while ( - - - ) { statement-1; if( - - - ) continue statement-2; } statement-3; while ( - - - ) { statement-1; if( - - - ) break statement-2; } statement-3; *

The do Statement Variant of the while statement Syntax do statement while (expression); next statement

The do Statement statements to execute loop Test the expression 1 or True 0 or False Exit the do

do Statments Example: do { cout << “Enter your age: “; cin >> age; if (age <=0) cout << “Invalid age. n”; else cout << "DO SOMETHINGn"; } while (age <=0);

do vs. while "; cout << "Enter your age: "; cin >> age; while (age <= 0) { if (age <=0) { cout << "Invalid age. n"; cout << "Enter your age: } else cin >> age; cout << "DO SOMETHINGn";

do vs. while sum = 0; cnt = 1; do { I/O sum += cnt; cnt++; } while (cnt <=n); sum = 0; cnt = 1; I/O // priming read while (cnt <=n) { I/O sum += cnt; cnt++; }

do ¾ while ¾ for sum = 0; cnt = 1; do { sum += cnt; cnt++; } while (cnt <=n); sum = 0; cnt = 1; while (cnt <=n) { sum += cnt; cnt++; } sum = 0; for (cnt = 1; 1 cnt <= n; cnt++) sum += cnt;

Guidelines for choosing: + If simple count-controlled, use a for. + If event-controlled and body is executed at least once, use do. + If event-controlled and nothing is known about the first execution, use while. + When in doubt use while.

Validity Checking Validity checking or data validation is a way of notifying the user of invalid data. You should validate every input value for which any restrictions apply. *

Common Errors Using = in place of = = Placing a ; after the for’s parentheses Using a , to separate items in a for expression - you need a ; Omitting the final ; in the do statement

Common Errors != versus == This changes the logic, be especially careful when used with && or || ( ) && ( ) versus ( ) || ( ) } note this

Debugging Syntax errors vs. Logic error Prevention - plan first! Valuation tables Display values C++ Debugger *

A Sample Problem Write a program that accepts a user determined number of experiments with a user determined number of scores for each experiment. It displays the average of the scores for each experiment.

How many experiments are there? 2 How many scores are there for each? 3 Enter the scores for experiment 1: Enter result of test 1 : 98 Enter result of test 1 : 56 Enter result of test 1 : 34 The average for experiment 1 is 63 How many scores are there for each? 4 Enter the scores for experiment 2: Enter result of test 2 : 21 Enter result of test 2 : 32 Enter result of test 2 : 16 Enter result of test 2 : 29 The average for experiment 2 is 25 Press any key to continue

Plan for Sample Program I/O - # experiments for I/O - # scores for I/O - enter scores increment total average scores display average ***

{ int exper, test, howmany 1, howmany 2; double total, score, avg; cout << "How many experiments are there? "; cin >> howmany 1; for (exper =1; exper<=howmany 1; exper=exper +1) { cout << "How many scores are there for each? "; cin >> howmany 2; cout << "t. Enter the scores for experiment " << exper <<": n"; total = 0; for (test = 1; test <=howmany 2; test = test +1) { cout << "Enter result of test " << test <<" : "; cin >> score; total = total + score; } avg = total/(test-1); cout << "The average for experiment " << exper << " is " << setprecision(2) << avg << "nn"; } }

Reverse_digits example Write a program to reverse the digits of a positive integer. For example is the number is 8735, the displayed number should be 5378. Hint: Use a do statement and continually strip off and display the units digit of the number (number % 10). After the units digit is displayed, dividing the number by 10 strips off the current units digit and sets up number for the next iteration. Thus, (8735 % 10) is 5 and (8735 / 10) is 873. The do statement executes until number is zero. *

Palindrome Example A palindrome is a phrase (number or text) that reads the same backwards as forwards. For example, the following are palindromes: 12321, madam i'm adam. Write a program that reads a five-digit integer and determines whether or not it is a palindrome. Ask the user if another possible palindrome is to be entered.

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