Contrle de lexique n 1 Donnez lquivalent des

Contrôle de lexique n° 1 Donnez l’équivalent des termes ou expressions suivants en anglais

Assourdissant deafening Ca fait réfléchir it’s food for thought Etre à l’ordre du jour to be on the agenda Il lui revient de le faire it is up to him/her to do it La problématique the issue at stake La société de consommation Les dégâts the consumer society Pour le dire simplement Prendre des mesures to put it bluntly Réduit en cendres burnt to ashes the damages to take action

S’engager à faire quelque chose Sensibiliser to pledge to do something Un compte-rendu an account Un défi de taille a daunting task Un déficit a shortage Un porte-parole a spokesperson Un seuil a threshold Un témoignage a testimony Un titre d’article a headline Une perte a loss to raise awareness

Séquence 2 Ecrit et oral de concours : points communs et différences

1

Northern California town of Paradise lost 90% of its population after Camp Fire, data shows Kristin Lam | USA TODAY | July 14, 2019 A northern California town has lost over 90% of its population since the nation's deadliest wildfire in nearly a century raged last year, new figures show. Door-to-door surveyors counted 2, 034 residents in Paradise as of April, according to data released Thursday by California Gov. Gavin Newsom. Paradise, a retirement community in the Sierra Nevada foothills, was home to about 26, 800 people in 2010. Also Thursday, Newsom certified Paradise as a rural area, which makes the town eligible for loans, grants and assistance under federally funded rural development programs.

The development came the same day lawmakers approved a bill changing how the state pays for wildfire damage caused by utilities. Newsom signed it Friday, approving the creation of a fund of up to $21 billion that could help pay out claims related to blazes sparked by Pacific Gas & Electric Corp, such as through downed power lines. As wildfire season kicks off again, supporters of the bill cited a need to provide financial certainty to the state’s investorowned utilities, including PG&E, which declared bankruptcy amid lawsuits related to wildfires. The Camp Fire killed 85 people as it burned across 153, 000 acres for more than two weeks last November. About 14, 000 residences were destroyed, but some homeowners have started to rebuild. Officials issued the first permits to rebuild two homes in March.

Although some wildfire survivors welcomed the legislation's provisions that they say will allow them to fight for greater compensation, several lawmakers raised concerns that utility customers will be footing the bill for fires ignited by PG&E. Under the legislation, customers will pay $10. 5 billion to the fund that will cover costs from wildfires ignited by the equipment of participating electric utilities. Customers will contribute to the fund through a 15 -year extension of an existing fee on monthly electricity bills. “It is hard not to see this bill as something of a reward for monstrous behavior, " said Assembly member Marc Levine, a Democrat from San Rafael who voted against the legislation. "They haven’t done the work. They should not be rewarded. "

PG&E did not take a formal position on the bill. Spokesman Lynsey Paulo said the utility was committed to resolving victims’ claims and reducing wildfire risks. To use the fund, companies would need to meet safety standards set by state regulators. Major utilities must also spend at least $5 billion combined on safety improvements. The state’s three major utilities — PG&E, Southern California Edison, and San Diego Gas & Electric — could also contribute an additional $10. 5 billion to create a larger insurance fund of at least $21 billion. Legislators supporting the bill say they will continue to develop additional wildfire prevention and home protection policies.

Key points ?

November 2018: ‘Camp-Fire’ burnt Paradise to ashes July 2019: Paradise started rising from its ashes July 2019: a new bill to pay for wildfire damage Reactions: concerns v. silence Policy-making: how to promote wildfire prevention and home protection?

Transition? Transition: “It is hard not to see this bill as something of a reward for monstrous behavior, " said Assembly member Marc Levine, a Democrat from San Rafael who voted against the legislation. Reformulation: L’un des principaux opposants à la loi s’est indigné que l’on demande aux victimes de l’incendie de payer à hauteur de la moitié du fonds d’assurance futur: selon lui, cela revient à fermer les yeux sur la responsabilité des compagnies électriques.

traduisez L’un des principaux opposants à la loi s’est indigné que l’on demande aux victimes de l’incendie de payer à hauteur de la moitié du fonds d’assurance futur: selon lui, cela revient à fermer les yeux sur la responsabilité des compagnies électriques. One of the main opponents to the bill waxed indignant that the victims of the wildfire should pay up to half of the future insurance fund: according to him it boils down to turning a blind eye to the electric companies’ responsibility.

Issue at stake? A une époque où tout le monde semble s’accorder à dire que, sans une solidarité accrue, les sociétés modernes se retrouvent profondément fracturées, ce fait divers soulève en effet une question paradoxale: doit-on demander à la victime d’être solidaire de son bourreau?

Traduisez A une époque où tout le monde semble s’accorder à dire que, sans une solidarité accrue, les sociétés modernes se retrouvent profondément fracturées, ce fait divers soulève en effet une question paradoxale : doit-on demander à la victime d’être solidaire de son bourreau? In an era when everyone seems to agree to say that without a heightened solidarity, modern societies end up deeply divided, that news item actually raises a paradoxical question: should the victim be asked to be supportive of his persecutor?

Assignment for next week Vocabulary Question 2 : should the victim be asked to be supportive of his persecutor? Prepare arguments for an answer Remember: 1. weak argument 2. counter arguments 3. key problem The answer will be oral and collective, so do not write anything more than a few arguments for each part

Question 2 : should the victim be asked to be supportive of his persecutor?

Les écrits aux concours 1) L’épreuve de la banque ‘Mines-Ponts’ a)Thème suivi b)Article + question de compréhension (Q 1) en 80 mots (+/-10%) c)Essay (Q 2) en 180 mots (+/-10%)

What is expected in an essay is basically the same thing as what is expected in the discussion in the oral exams (2 nde part). The only differences are that it is not up to you to determine the subject or question and that you have to answer it in a limited number of words.

In English, an essay means an effort to accomplish something, either concrete or abstract. A written essay is therefore an effort by a single person to incorporate different viewpoints in order to frame an issue.

The main difficulty of the essay is for you to be able not to mix up the question and the issue. In order to answer the question, you are expected to show that it is only the consequence of a number or a series of problems which predate and justify the question.

Should the victim be asked to be supportive of his persecutor? PB 1 PB 2 PB 3 Question

Lining up the series of problems in a logical order will enable you to organize your arguments so as to finally answer the question. 1. weak argument 2. counter arguments 3. key problem and answer to the question

Should the victim be asked to be PB 1 supportive of his persecutor? PB 1 : Justice = giving to others what is their due / absence of favoritism toward one side or another PB 3 when one side WRONGS the other, justice is here to RIGHT THE WRONGS and punish the culprit. PB 2: ex 1: wildfires caused by shabby equipment if the utilities are made to pay for the damages, they go bankrupt if do, the community ends up without electric power… PB 2: ex 2: COVID pandemic = economy at a standstill without a compensation the companies go bankrupt if they do, the workers end up unemployed and the whole nation is affected… PB 3: sometimes justice means reshuffling the cards rather than punishing the culprit: when one’s persecutor is another’s victim, it becomes a community problem. There can be no society, no social contract, without everyone accepting to be supportive of each other. PB 2

You have up to 72 words left to write the full essay. Go, go!

assignment Rework Lauréane’s answer in a maximum of 198 words.

Contrôle n° 2 un fait divers A fact of winter un crédit A credit en guise de conclusion By way of conclusion x

d’abord To begin with être à l’ordre du jour To be on the agenda un crédit A loan s’indigner To wax indignant s’amenuiser To dwindle jeter un pavé dans la mare To set a cat among the pigeons un opposant An opponent renaître de ses cendres To rise from one’s ashes se résumer à To boil down to fermer les yeux sur qqc To turn a blind eye to sth

un fait divers A news item soulever une question paradoxale être à l’arrêt To raise a paradoxical question redistribuer les cartes To reshuffle the cards cerner un problème To frame an issue redresser les torts To right the wrongs être forcé à faire qqc To be made to do sth rester sans effet To remain useless être dépassé To be outdated en guise de conclusion By way of conclusion To be at a standstill

Les écrits aux concours 1) L’épreuve de la banque ‘Mines-Ponts’ a)Thème suivi 8 points b)Article + question de compréhension (Q 1) en 80 mots (+/-10%) 4 points c)Essay (Q 2) en 180 mots (+/-10%) 8 points

Justice is giving to others what is their due^, that means there is a t u b no favoritism toward one side or^ another. When one side , k ! Owrongs ng the other, justice is here^ to determine which side is o l t i b guilty, to right the wrongs^ and punish the culprit. examples in which justice can't act But we can think of several^ exemples like that. a For^ instance intance, wildfires caused by shabbyutequipment : if the b ! utilities are^ made to pay for the damages, go bankrupt Ok, aguethey and^ if they do, the community ends upbiwithout electric power^ tv and that's something to avoid at all cost. The COVID^ pandemic is another exemple. to^ example It led the economy t uwould! have b a standstill. Without a compensation the companies , o k o O t e gone bankrupt and^ if they had, the workers would have ended u g a up unemployed and the^ whole nation would havev beenoaffected. d e s Sometimes justice can't just punish the^ culprit. n Sometimes e s t r o at ppersecutor justice means reshuffling the cards : whenwhone’s is p u s in problem. another’s victim, it becomes^ a community And there o t t u e ? everyone , b hav without s r can be no society, no^ social Okcontract, o t s u m c i e t accepting to be supportive of each^vother. ic pers ir e h t

5/8 Argumentation, pertinence des exemples Convenable mais ça reste très théorique 1, 5/2 Rigueur de la démonstration Enchainements cohérents mais réponse inaboutie 1/2 Correction de la langue Peu d’erreurs mais manque de fluidité 1/2 Richesse linguistique Des efforts d’enrichissement 1, 5/2

ø justice is giving to others what is their due, and there First of all, the favoritism When one side is wronged, justice's role is to must be no favoritsm. determinate determine the culprit and to punish him. However, things aren't always that simple and justice sometimes tethe company PE&G caused a needs to be moderated. For instance, i u in q for the damages because they terrible wildfire, but they can't pay a m the e r will go bankrupt and the will ucommunity s: end up without electric g o e n l y i p rn xam is ut power which what will bek, abdisaster. e o c h n e o w r O c , u t e o s Another example may be the COVID pandemic. Indeed, it led the u y o n l g a n a i c y v e companies s The y h economy to at a standstill. need compensations X h t m i w t e c v go abankrupt d a n because without it, vithey will and h will end ? the workers wil t y e a l t i h b or affected. si nation he will up un enemployed and w the whole be i t n r s t o p a n p i e h s a t h Thus sometimes, justice t the re scan't mculprit. The community y punish Finally, s a e i r y s nit ifr tthe hu punishment causes more must always be the priority, you muand e culprit, we must reconsiderate. X w om to harm to the communitycthan the s n a e t Justice, before being a Yway punish the culprit, is a protect way to e our to l p mcan be no society whithout o organize teh society and there everyone the wi c n i accepting to be supportive to each other.

4/8 Argumentation, pertinence des exemples Convenable mais la fin reste très évasive 1/2 Rigueur de la démonstration Enchainements assez cohérents mais réponse inaboutie 1/2 Correction de la langue Quelques erreurs nuise à la fluidité de l’expression 1/2 Richesse linguistique Quelques efforts d’enrichissement mais de nombreuses maladresses 1/2

When one individual or group wrongs another, justice is meant and expected to right the wrongs and punish the culprit. However, justice sometimes requires victims to be supportive of their persecutors. For instance, shabby infrastructures caused a terrible wildfire in California: asking the utility to pay for the whole damages implies it would have gone bankrupt and the community would have ended up without electric power, which would have been yet another disaster. Likewise, the COVID pandemic led the French economy to a standstill. Without partial unemployment aided by the state, most companies would have gone bankrupt as well, eventually laying off their employees for good and affecting the whole nation lastingly. In both cases, justice thus required solidarity from those who had been wronged in the first place, be it by the loss of their belongings or income. In that sense, rather than punishing and awarding, the core principle of justice is to keep the society together by asking everyone to be supportive of each other whenever the victim is actually the community. Besides, even in a criminal case, when the plaintiff has to listen to the defendant, the victim is expected to literally support his persecutor.

Les écrits aux concours 1) L’épreuve de la banque ‘Mines-Ponts’ a)Thème suivi 8 points b)Article + question de compréhension (Q 1) en 80 mots (+/-10%) 4 points c)Essay (Q 2) en 180 mots (+/-10%) 8 points

In your own words, explain what California’s new bill represents. (80 words +/- 10%) Richesse de l’expression 1 point #1: rephrase Correction de la langue 1 point #2: demonstrate Organisation du propos 1 point Compréhension 1 point #3: synthesize Go, go!

In the aftermath of the wildfire that nearly obliterated the town of Paradise, Californian lawmakers have come up with a new bill to redefine how the victims are to be paid out. The bill plans for a $21 billion insurance fund, purveyed half by utilities such as PG&E, which was responsible for sparking the fire, and half by the people themselves, through an extended fee on their electricity bill. Admittedly, not everyone is happy with it. Indeed, an assembly member pointed out that the principle of that bill is to actually make the victims half responsible for the damage they have suffered.

In the aftermath of the wildfire that nearly obliterated the town of Paradise, Californian lawmakers have come up with a new bill to redefine how the victims are to be paid out. The bill plans for a $21 billion insurance fund, purveyed half by utilities such as PG&E, which was responsible for sparking the fire, and half by the people themselves, through an extended fee on their electricity bill. Admittedly, not everyone is happy with it. Indeed, an assembly member pointed out that the principle of that bill is to actually make the victims half responsible for the damage they have suffered. Oops… 102 words = 14 words too many

In the aftermath of the wildfire that nearly obliterated the town of Paradise, Californian lawmakers have come up with a new bill to redefine how the victims are to be paid out. The bill plans for a $21 billion insurance fund, purveyed half by utilities such as PG&E, which was responsible for sparking the fire, and half by the people themselves, through an extended fee on their electricity bill. Admittedly, not everyone is happy with it. Indeed, an assembly member pointed out that the principle of that bill is to actually make the victims half responsible for the damage they have suffered.

In the aftermath of a terrible wildfire, Californian lawmakers passed a new bill to redefine how the victims are to be paid out. It plans for a $21 billion insurance fund, purveyed half by utilities such as PG&E, which was responsible for sparking the fire, and half by the people themselves, through an extended fee on their electricity bill. Admittedly, the bill has raised concerns since its principle is to actually make the victims half responsible for the damage they have suffered. 81 words, job done!

Assignment for next week Contrôle de lexique n° 3 Thème suivi (exercice 1 des sujets Mines-Ponts): USA: le sud-ouest menacé de méga-sécheresse

Contrôle n° 3

aborder un sujet to broach a topic actuellement currently ainsi thus condamner qq à qqc to sentence sb to sth de même likewise de prime abord in the first place de toute évidence admittedly déclencher to spark durablement lastingly Être censé faire qqc to be meant to do sth en réalité actually

être solidaire de to be supportive of exiger que qq fasse qqc to require sb to do sth faire remarquer to point out pousser qq à faire qqc to urge sb to do sth relever un défi to respond to a challenge tant attendu long-overdue / long-expected un comportement a behaviour un marché en expansion a booming market une fracture sociale a social divide

USA: le sud-ouest menacé de méga-sécheresse lefigaro. fr | le 06/10/2016 Déjà en proie à un déficit chronique de précipitations, le sud-ouest des Etats. Unis est menacé d'une "méga-sécheresse" d'ici la fin du siècle à cause du réchauffement climatique, selon une étude publiée dans la revue américaine Science Advances. Les "méga-sécheresses" sont des périodes sévères d'aridité qui durent plus de trente ans, précisent les chercheurs dont les travaux ont été publiés hier. De tels phénomènes climatiques extrêmes sont rares mais se sont déjà produits dans le sud-ouest américain et dans d'autres régions du globe, comme au Sahel, pendant le dernier millénaire. Ils ont été liés au déclin de plusieurs civilisations pré-industrielles, rappellent les chercheurs. Selon une analyse des cercles de croissance des arbres et d'autres indications, les méga-sécheresses des siècles passés dans cette région ont duré de vingt à 35 ans. Avec l'accélération du changement climatique, une méga-sécheresse sera encore plus torride et plus brutale, mettant à rude épreuve les ressources déjà limitées en eau du sud-ouest américain, mettent en garde ces scientifiques.

USA: le sud-ouest menacé de mégasécheresse US: mega drought pending/looming over the southwest

Déjà en proie à un déficit chronique de précipitations, le sud-ouest des Etats-Unis est menacé d'une "mégasécheresse" d'ici la fin du siècle à cause du réchauffement climatique, selon une étude publiée dans la revue américaine Science Advances. According to a survey published in Science Advances, an American journal, owing to / due to global warming, before the end of the century, a “mega-drought” will be looming over the southwest of the US, already subjected to chronic rainfall shortage / persistent rain scarcity.

Les "méga-sécheresses" sont des périodes sévères d'aridité qui durent plus de trente ans, précisent les chercheurs dont les travaux ont été publiés hier. The researchers, whose work was released yesterday, point out that a “mega drought” is / means a severe / harsh dry spell, lasting more than 30 years.

De tels phénomènes climatiques extrêmes sont rares mais se sont déjà produits dans le sud-ouest américain et dans d'autres régions du globe, comme au Sahel, pendant le dernier millénaire. Such extreme climatic phenomena are rare but have already occurred over the last millennium in the southwest of the US and other regions of the planet, Sahel / the Sahelian region, for instance.

Ils ont été liés au déclin de plusieurs civilisations pré-industrielles, rappellent les chercheurs. The researchers remind that they / those entailed / caused the demise / decline of several pre-industrial civilizations.

Selon une analyse des cercles de croissance des arbres et d'autres indications, les mégasécheresses des siècles passés dans cette région ont duré de vingt à 35 ans. An analysis of annual growth-rings in trees and other indicators reveals that the past century’s mega-droughts in that region lasted from 20 up to 35 years.

Avec l'accélération du changement climatique, une méga-sécheresse sera encore plus torride et plus brutale, mettant à rude épreuve les ressources déjà limitées en eau du sud-ouest américain, mettent en garde ces scientifiques. The scientists warn that as climate change gains momentum, mega-droughts will be even warmer and starker, straining the southwest’s already limited water resources.

Point de vigilance: le complément du nom Exemples d’erreurs dans vos propositions: several pre-industrial civilisations’ decline the study of annual ring trees an analysis of the growth circles of trees the acceleration of climate change

RAPPEL N of N c'est -à-dire N+Préposition+(Dét)+N Ex: the election of Trump / the new president N's+N, c'est-à-dire le ‘génitif saxon’ Ex: Trump’s victory (= his victory) N-N (= nom composé). Ex : the Trump administration (= that administration)

RAPPEL Dans chacune des 3 constructions, l'un des 2 noms est le nom principal. Dans la construction N of N, c'est le premier nom qui est le nom principal et la structure se lit de gauche à droite : la forme N of N sert à construire une relation entre 2 noms, le second étant littéralement dissocié du premier (of // off) Dans les 2 autres constructions, c'est le 2ème nom qui est le nom principal. La structure se lit de droite à gauche : N's+N et N+N ne font que reprendre une relation déjà connue, déjà construite, et par conséquent synthétisée.

Les trois exemples précédents prouvent qu’un même nom (ici Trump, renvoyant à une personne) peut être utilisé soit en N 1 soit en N 2 dans N of N, N’s N comme dans N-N. Dans ‘the election of Trump’, le N 2 est objet/passif dans la construction (autrement dit la construction explicite serait : The people elected Trump).

Dans ‘Trump’s victory’, Trump devient N 1, car il est sujet/actif dans la pré-construction (celle -ci serait : Trump won the election). Dans ‘the Trump administration’, Trump n’est qu’un descripteur/qualificatif (+/- = adjectif) interchangeable qui resserre le sens du N 2 (on aura tout pareil ‘the Obama administration’, résultat d’une pré-construction qui serait : we’re talking about the administration appointed by Obama, not by Trump).

Pour traduire en anglais des groupes complexes tels que la politique du gouvernement / une politique de préservation de l’environnement / la réforme des lois fédérales / un projet de réforme…, il suffit dès lors de les décomposer en se demandant 1)si le GN complexe est synthétique ou analytique, 2)quel rapport entretiennent les différents noms dans le groupe nominal complexe (actif/passif)

Exemple: traduisez -L’influence des hommes de loi sur les politiques de l’environnement -L’échec du sommet de Paris -Le responsable du développement durable -L’autorité du GIEC -La critique du plan de relance -Un sondage de la BBC -Les producteurs de pétrole