Contrast Although even though though n These words

Contrast: Although, even though, though n These words express a relation of contrast between two clauses. n Even though = a stronger although n Though = an informal although n Although and even though can appear at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. n Though can only be used in the middle.

n I like Mary although she is silly. n I like Mary even though she is silly. n I like Mary though she is silly. n Although I was ill, I went to work. n Even though I was ill, I went to work. n Though I was ill, I went to work Green = clause 1 (subject + verb + complements) Red = clause 2 (subject + verb + compements)

Contrast: In spite of, despite n In spite of and despite can’t be followed by full clauses [subject+verb+complements]. n They must be followed by: A noun An –ing verb The fact that + a full clause

In spite of his age, he is very active. In spite of being 85, he is very active. In spite of the fact that he’s 85, he is very active.

Purpose: to, in order to, so as to n Use these expressions to indicate the purpose of an action. n In order to and so as to are more formal than to. n They call for an infinitive verb.

n I went to the bank to talk to the manager. n I went to the bank in order to talk to the manager. n I went to the bank so as to talk to the manager. n I drove slowly, not to slide in the slippery road. n I drove slowly, in order not to slide in the slippery road. n I drove slowly, so as not to slide in the slippery road. not to is not possible to express a negative purpose.

Purpose: so that n After so that, use subject + a modal verb (can, could, would. . . ) n I went to the bank so that I could talk to the manager.

Purpose: for For is followed by a noun (when you want to express the purpose of an action) OR an –ing verb (when you want to express the purpose of a thing). n I use this product for two purposes. n This product is for cleaning metal and for brushing my teeth.

. . . just in case. . . I went to the bank for to meet the manager. Use the infinitive of purpose for that! I studied all night to get a good mark. I went to the mall to buy a Christmas gift.