Contents Passive Radar An Emerging Technology Presenter Dr

Contents Passive Radar: An Emerging Technology Presenter: Dr. Francois Maasdorp (CSIR) for SATC 2019, Pretoria, July 2019

Contents Background on Passive Radar Applications and Benefits International R&D and systems Past R&D in South Africa Present & Future R&D in South Africa (CSIR Perspective) Conclusion 2

Radar – As we know it Transmit / Receive 3

Bistatic Radar Transmit 4 Receive

Passive Radar / Passive Coherent Location Use Broadcasting Tower as transmitter 5 Receive

Benefits and Applications • Cost effective radar – No transmission subsystem – No RF spectrum license – Low hardware cost – Low life cycle/maintenance cost • Non-cooperative platform detection technique – similar to PSR • Covert & Mobile (Receive only) • Foreseen Applications – Gap filling to radar networks (Civil Aviation & Defence) • Incl. covering small airdromes – Border safeguarding 6

Passive Radar Research – International (1) • Passive Radar Emerging Technology – Significant research at Conferences/Journals since 2010 • Lead: USA 41. 8%, China 12. 5% • … • South Africa 0. 6% – Technology demonstrator developments • Research Institutes • Academia • Industry 7 Publications per year (Scopus) 180 160 140 [https: //www. scopus. com/] 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1955 2005 2055

Passive Radar Research – International (2) – Passive Radar evaluated under SESAR (Single European Sky ATM Research) program • Replace PSR with Passive Radar? – Free spectrum for 5 G • Clearer view on Passive Radar by 2020 8

International Systems – only few • Silent Sentry – Lockheed Martin (USA) – FM Towers (100 MHz) Aulos – 220 km detection @ 10 m^2 – Track 200+ targets • Tw. Invis – Hensholdt (Germany) – Multiband FM/DAB/DVB-T – 250 km detection range – Track 200 aircraft in 3 D • Other – Aulos (Selex – Italy) – JY-50 (China) JY-50 – HA 100 (Thales - France) 9 – and more… Tw. Invis Silent Sentry

FM Radio Coverage – Southern African Countries 80 80 km km 150 km 10

Past CSIR Research • Static Single Site Tracking – Large Commercial Aircraft – Small Commercial Aircraft • Multi-static Target Tracking – Large Commercial Aircraft • Target Recognition – Propeller driven aircraft • Moving Receiver 11

Passive Radar R&D – South Africa • • • 12 CSIR (Institute Role) University of Cape Town (Academic) University of Pretoria (Academic) Peralex Electronics (Industry) Lochtron (Industry) Armscor (Funding)

Present & Future R&D at the CSIR – Passive Radar Long Term Test • Passive Radar Emerging Technology – Significant research at Conferences/Journals since 2010 • Yet a lack of market acceptance of this technology to date – Lack of long term qualification data – CSIR in the process of • Establishing the performance metrics of a Passive Radar using FM radio • Sufficient FM radio infrastructure throughout Africa 13

Passive Radar - Test Bed Development • 5 receiver nodes – In Gauteng Region – Dual baselines at some Rx • 1 central node at CSIR – – Target tracking Database Truth data interface Web Display • Connected with high bandwidth capacity links – 1/10 Gbps South African Research Network (SANREN) 14

FM Band Passive Radar Performance Characterisation – Gauteng Region 15

Passive Radar Nodes – Various Sites/Nodes OR Tambo NWU - Potchefstroom SANSA TUT - Emalahleni 16 Antennas fixed to balconies

Passive Radar – Equipment at each receiver node • Consist of Hardware – – – 3/4 x FM radio band antennas GPS Antenna RF Cabling RF Receiver Processing PC with GPU • Software – Range, Doppler, Angle Processing – Server, Client Software 17

Passive Radar – Equipment at the central node • Consist of Hardware – 1 x Processing PC – 1 x DB PC • Software of Processing PC – – VPN software Node interface software Tracking Software Web Display Server • Off line processing – Statistics generation 18

Passive Radar Web Display 19

Some Tracking Results – Web Display (1) Approach to OR Tambo (8 h 15) 20

Some Tracking Results – Web Display (2) Approach to OR Tambo (8 h 17) 21

Some Tracking Results – Web Display (3) Manoeuvring aircraft – C 172 (Parys region) 22

Some Tracking Results – Web Display (4) Small SLG 4 aircraft (Vaal dam region) 23

Some Tracking Results – Web Display (5) E 135 & DH 8 D aircraft split (Heidelberg Region) 24

Some Tracking Results – Web Display (7) Long Range – A 319 Track (close to Lesotho) 25

Some Tracking Results – Web Display (8) Long Range – A 319 ID (close to Lesotho) 26

Probability of Detection: Prelim Results OR Tambo: 27 Joint Detections:

Current CSIR Focus – Passive Radar Long Term Test • Gauteng 5 Node FM based Passive Radar Infrastructure – Static • Performance characterisation of POD, PFA, Accuracy • Given • Seasonal changes, • Weather changes, • Transmitter on-times etc. • Digital TV (Digital Video Broadcasting) • Higher frequency, smaller antennas • Higher range resolution • Drones • Cars • Area coverage yet to be done 28

Conclusion • Passive Radar is an emerging technology • Foreseen Applications for Passive Radar – Gap filling to radar networks (Civil Aviation & Defence) • Aircraft using FM radio • Aircraft/Drones/Cars using DVB-T 29

Thank you Francois Maasdorp (fmaasdorp@csir. co. za)