Content Alkane Structure and physical properties boiling point
Content: Alkane: Structure and physical properties (boiling point and solubility), Nomenclature (naming) Preparation (hydrogenation of alkenes, hydrolysis of Grignard reagents) Alkane reactions (halogenation/free radical substitution, combustion) Sources and uses
Bpt vs C-chain length As Chain length^, # e-^, therefore LDF's^, so bpt^ Source: http: //www. chemistryrules. me. uk/junior/organic. htm Very good for introductory organic Chem!
As branching ↑, Surface area ↓, hence Vd. W’s ↓, bpt ↓ ^^ Reference http: //chemed. chem. wisc. edu/chempaths/Gen. Chem-Textbook/Properties-of-Alkanes-917. html
Nomenclature for alkanes • Find the longest carbon sequence (either a chain or within a ring). That forms the ROOT / PARENT / PRIMARY name. • Name ‘branches’ as prefixes in alphabetical order (note: do not use di, tri, tetra etc in the alphabetical ordering) • Use numbering so numbers are as low as possible. • Ring structure have the prefix ‘cyclo’ rest of name. • Letters are separated from numbers using a hyphen • Numbers are separated from each other using a comma
• ‘special groups’ (commonly occur, so given their own name and they remain in widespread use) https: //www 2. chemistry. msu. edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/nomen 1. htm Very good page for nomenclature
Hydrocarbon preparation • Hydrogenation of alkenes. • Hydrolysis of Grignard reagents. Note: This example shows a trivial example You would NEVER do this to get a simple, readily available alkene You would only do it to make a rare or complicated alkane. • Or by other Grignard reactions:
Alkane reactions (Functionalisation of alkanes) http: //driesnuyts. blogspot. com/2012/04/alkanes-and-radicals-introduction. html
Combustion of alkanes • Fuels (e. g. the RM 1. 92 RM 2. 10 Ron 95) are made up mostly of alkanes. In excess oxygen • Cn. H 2 n+2 + (1. 5 n+½)O 2 n. CO 2 + (n+1)H 2 O • The process is exothermic and causes a large increase in volume and entropy.
Application: Sources and uses • Uses: as fuels (e. g. Kerosine), solvents (e. g. hexane), chemical feedstock • Source: Primarily from the Crude oil which is a complicated mixture of many compounds. Some long hydrocarbons are broken up to produce smaller, often more useful hydrocarbons.
Conformations • Alkane chains and rings are in a constant state of motion/vibrations (due to background thermal energy). Alkane vhains can rotate about the C-C and rings can flex. Each ‘snapshot’ of the orientation of the molecule has it’s own energy.
Alkane ‘chain’ conformers 1 cal = 4. 18 Joules http: //chemistry. umeche. maine. edu/CHY 251/Butane. html
Alkane ring conformers Energy profile of cyclohexane conformers… http: //www. stolaf. edu/depts/chemistry/courses/toolkits/247/js/cyclohex/
Nomenclature practice:
Alkenes Ethene Propene Butene? But-1 -ene trans-But-2 -ene 3 -Methyl-cyclohexene
Bpt of alkenes v. similar to alkanes. Why? Similar # e- (2 less than alkane)
Dehydration of alcohols Use a dehydrating agent e. g. c. H 2 SO 4 or c. H 3 PO 4 or Al 2 O 3 and heat. Different temps used can give different products!!! http: //www. transtutors. com/chemistry-homework-help/alcohols/dehydration-of-alcohols. aspx
Dehydration of alcohols Mechanism (how reaction happens) http: //www. education. com/study-help/article/nomenclature-structure/
Prep of alkenes Dehydrohalogenation http: //www. personal. psu. edu/users/t/h/the 1/e 2. htm
Dehydration of alcohols Zaitsev's (Saytzeff) rule: For Dehydration and dehydrohalogenation, the more substituted alkene product is major product http: //www. mhhe. com/physsci/chemistry/carey/student/olc/graphics/carey 04 oc/ref/ch 05 eliminationreactions. html
Markovnikov Rule: Cation (usually H+) adds into the compound to make the most substituted carbocation. Familiarity with carbocation stability is crucial in organic chemistry https: //www 2. chemistry. msu. edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/addene 1. htm
Addition reactions of alkenes (X-Y) http: //www. chemguide. co. uk/mechanisms/eladd/whatis. html#top
http: //www. chemguide. co. uk/mechanisms/eladd/whatis. html#top
Overall: Can also occur via free radical mechanism
http: //mhschemf 6. blogspot. com/2011/05/alkene. html
Markovnikov Rule: Cation (usually H+) adds into the compound to make the most substituted carbocation.
Addition reactions of alkenes (X-X) http: //www. masterorganicchemistry. com/reaction-guide/bromination-of-alkenes-with-br 2 -to-give-dibromides/
Aleken + AQ Br 2 • Gives a halohydrin (+ monobormo product) http: //en. wikibooks. org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_reactions/Halohydrins
Alkenes with conc. H 2 SO 4 • See the similarity with the other conc. acids https: //www 2. chemistry. msu. edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/addene 1. htm
C=C with KMn. O 4 (Baeyer test) COL/RT condition: Purple colour of permanganate solution decolourises on addition to colourless alkene. Brown solids (Mn. O 2) procuded in neutral or alkaline conditions. Very pale pink (will look almost colourless, in acidic solution)
C=C with KMn. O 4 (Baeyer test) HOT CONCENTRATED and ACIDIFIED KMn. O 4 http: //www. chemguide. co. uk/organicprops/alkenes/kmno 4. html
Ozonolysis (cleavage using ozone, O 3) http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ozonolysis
Ozonolysis (cleavage using ozone, O 3) Overall: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ozonolysis As with all info on these slides, you should try and condense it into simple reaction equations (as above) to help begin the process of ‘connecting’ reactions. The overall equation is just to summarise the reaction and remind you.
Alkene (partial summary of) reactions.
C=C - Applications and use • Polymers (addition polymers – poly(styrene), PVC, poly(propene) • Raw materisals for making R-X, R-OH and carbonyls
2. 3 Aromatic compounds
• Answers to practice (L to R, top to bottom)
Aromatic compounds (Benzene) http: //en. wikibooks. org/wiki/A-level_Chemistry/OCR_%28 Salters%29/Reactions_of_arenes
3. 0 Aliphatic alcohols
Nucleophilic substitution in alcohols
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