Contemporary Human Geography 2 e Lectures Chapter 10

Contemporary Human Geography, 2 e Lectures Chapter 10 Food and Agriculture Karl Byrand, University of Wisconsin-Sheboygan © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 1 ORIGIN OF AGRICULTURE • Agriculture • Deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain • Crop • Any plant cultivated by people © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 1 ORIGIN OF AGRICULTURE • Hunters and gatherers • Small groups • Male–female division of labor • Daily food gathering • Mobility • Only ~250, 000 today © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 1 ORIGIN OF AGRICULTURE HUNTERS AND GATHERERS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 1 ORIGIN OF AGRICULTURE • Crop hearths • Early centers of domestication © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. CROP HEARTHS

10. 1 ORIGIN OF AGRICULTURE • Animal hearths © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 1 ORIGIN OF AGRICULTURE • Why agriculture originated • Environmental factors • Cultural factors © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 2 DIET • Factors affecting food consumption • Level of development • Physical conditions • Cultural preferences • Total consumption of food • Kilocalories • Most derived from grains © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 2 DIETARY ENERGY BY SOURCE © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 2 DIET WHEAT CONSUMPTION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 2 DIET RICE CONSUMPTION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 2 DIET MAIZE CONSUMPTION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 2 DIET YAM CONSUMPTION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 2 DIET • Sources of nutrients • Protein © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. PROTEIN BY SOURCE © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 2 DIET MEAT CONSUMPTION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 2 DIET PROTEIN FROM MEAT © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 3 NUTRITION AND HUNGER • Dietary energy needs • Needed average kcals: 1, 800 kcals/day • Average global consumption: 2, 780 kcals/day © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 3 NUTRITION AND HUNGER DIETARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 3 NUTRITION AND HUNGER HIGH CALORIE CONSUMPTION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 3 NUTRITION AND HUNGER INCOME SPENT ON FOOD © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 3 NUTRITION AND HUNGER • Undernourishment • Is dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 3 NUTRITION AND HUNGER EXTENT OF UNDERNOURISEMENT © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 3 NUTRITION AND HUNGER SHARE OF WORLD’S 800 MILLION UNDERNOURISHED PEOPLE © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 3 NUTRITION AND HUNGER CHANGE IN NUMBER UNDERNOURISHED © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 3 NUTRITION AND HUNGER UNDERNOURISHMENT © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 3 NUTRITION AND HUNGER • Africa’s food-supply struggle • Struggle to keep food production ahead of population growth • Food production per capita has changed very little in a half-century © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 3 NUTRITION AND HUNGER POPULATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION IN AFRICA © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 4 AGRICULTURE REGIONS • Subsistence agriculture • Practiced in developing countries • Provides food for direct consumption for farmer and family • Commercial agriculture • Practiced in developed countries • Generates a surplus for sale off the farm to foodprocessing companies © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 4 AGRICULTURE REGIONS SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 4 AGRICULTURE REGIONS INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 4 AGRICULTURE REGIONS COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 4 AGRICULTURE REGIONS MIXED CROP AND LIVESTOCK © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 5 COMPARING SUBSISTENCE AND COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • Farm size • Commercial agriculture • Larger • Smaller number of farms • Mechanization • Largest amounts of capital © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 5 COMPARING SUBSISTENCE AND COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • Percentage of farmers in society • Developed countries • ~5 percent engaged in agriculture • Developing countries • ~50 percent engaged in agriculture © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 5 COMPARING SUBSISTENCE AND COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE LABOR FORCE ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURE © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 5 COMPARING SUBSISTENCE AND COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • Use of machinery • Developed countries • Heavy reliance on machinery rather than people or animals • Mass-produced farm machinery • Transportation aids commercial food distributions • Scientific advances to increase productivity • Electronics • GPS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 5 COMPARING SUBSISTENCE AND COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE FARMLAND PER TRACTOR © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 5 COMPARING SUBSISTENCE AND COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE USE OF MACHINERY © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 6 SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE REGIONS • Shifting cultivation • Slash-and-burn agriculture • Swidden, Milpa, ladang, chena, Kaingin © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 6 SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE REGIONS SHIFTING CULTIVATION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 6 SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE REGIONS • Pastoral nomadism • Herding of domesticated animals • Adapted to dry climates © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 6 SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE REGIONS PASTORAL NOMADISM © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 6 SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE REGIONS • Intensive subsistence • Practiced in areas with high agricultural densities © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 6 SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE REGIONS RICE PRODUCTION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 6 SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE REGIONS INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 6 SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE REGIONS • Plantation agriculture • Plantation • Form of commercial agriculture in developing regions that specializes in one or two crops © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 6 SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE REGIONS SUGARCANE PLANTATION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 7 COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE REGIONS • Mixed crop and livestock • Corn most common crop © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 7 COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE REGIONS MAIZE (CORN) PRODUCTION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 7 COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE REGIONS • Dairy farming • Milkshed • The ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 7 COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE REGIONS MILK PRODUCTION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 7 COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE REGIONS MILK PRODUCTION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 7 COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE REGIONS • Grain farming • Primarily for human consumption • Located in regions that are too dry for mixed crop and livestock farming Example: Great Plains of North America © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 7 COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE REGIONS WHEAT PRODUCTION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 7 COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE REGIONS • Livestock ranching • Ranching: Commercial grazing of agriculture over an extensive area • Primarily practiced on arid or semi-arid lands • Contemporary ranching part of meat-processing industry © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 7 COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE REGIONS MEAT PRODUCTION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 7 COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE REGIONS • Commercial gardening and fruit farming • Truck farming • Predominant agriculture type in U. S. Southeast • Specialty Farming: Farmers grow crops that have limited but increasing demand © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 7 COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE REGIONS COMMERCIAL GARDENING © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 7 COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE REGIONS • Mediterranean agriculture • Exists on lands that border the Mediterranean Sea and other places that share a similar physical geography • Two most important crops: olives and grapes © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 8 FISHING • Fish production • Aquaculture (aquafarming) • The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 8 FISHING AQUACULTURE © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 8 FISHING FISH PRODUCTION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 8 FISHING © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 8 FISHING • Fish consumption • In past half century fish consumption has doubled worldwide • Tripled in developing countries © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 8 FISHING MAJOR FISHING REGIONS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 8 FISHING FISH CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 8 FISHING PERCENT PROTEIN FROM FISH © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 8 FISHING EMPLOYMENT IN FISHING AND AQUACULTURE © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 8 FISHING • Overfishing • The capturing of fish faster than they can reproduce • 90 percent reduction in some fish species © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 9 SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE AND POPULATION GROWTH • Strategies for increasing food productivity • Expand agricultural land • 11 percent of world’s land used for agriculture • Excessive or inadequate water makes expansion difficulty. • Expansion of agricultural land much slower than the increase of the human population. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 9 SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE AND POPULATION GROWTH AGRICULTURAL LAND POPULATION GROWTH © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 9 SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE AND POPULATION GROWTH • Strategies for increasing food productivity (cont. ) • Increase agricultural productivity • Green Revolution technologies • Norman Borlaug • Green Revolution responsible for preventing a food crisis in developing countries in 1970 s and 1980 s. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 9 SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE AND POPULATION GROWTH INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, HOME OF THE “GREEN REVOLUTION ” © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 9 SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE AND POPULATION GROWTH • Strategies for increasing food productivity (cont. ) • Improve food sources • Higher protein cereal grains • Palatability of rarely consumed goods © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 9 SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE AND POPULATION GROWTH SOY PRODUCT © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 9 SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE AND POPULATION GROWTH • Strategies for increasing food productivity (cont. ) • Expand exports: trade in food has increased since 2000. • Three top export grains: wheat, corn, rice. • Four leading net exporters: Argentina, Brazil, the Netherlands, and the United States. • Four leading net importers: Japan, China, Russia, and the United Kingdom. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 9 SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE AND POPULATION GROWTH WORLD FOOD EXPORTS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 9 SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE AND POPULATION GROWTH TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 10 COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE MARKET FORCES • Agribusiness • The system of commercial farming found in the developed countries • Von ThÜnen model explains importance of proximity to market in the choice of crops on commercial farms. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 10 COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE MARKET FORCES VONTHÜNEN MODEL © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 10 COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE MARKET FORCES • Productivity challenges • Increased yield per cow (dairy farming) has tripled. • Surplus leads to low incomes. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 10 COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE MARKET FORCES DAIRY COWS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 10 COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE MARKET FORCES • Government subsidies • Farmers are encouraged to produce crops that are in excess supply. • Government pays farmers when certain commodity prices are low. • Government buys surplus production. • Sells or donates it • Developed countries: encouraged to grow less food • Developing countries: struggle to increase food production © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 11 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE • Agricultural practice that preserves and enhances environmental quality. • Sustainable agriculture and organic farming • Rely on sensitive land management © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 11 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE SHAR E OF THE WORLD’S ORGANIC FARMING © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 11 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FARMLAND IN ORGANIC FARMING IN EUROPE © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 11 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE • Sensitive land management • Ridge tillage • System of planting crops on ridgetops © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 11 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE • Limited use of chemicals • Integrated crop and livestock • Head size and distribution • Animal confinement • Management in extreme weather • Flexible feeding and marketing © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

CHAPTER REVIEW • Key Questions • What do people eat? • How is agriculture distributed? • What challenges does agriculture face? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.