CONTAMINANTS OBJECTIVES 1 What are contaminants 2 Classification

CONTAMINANTS OBJECTIVES 1. What are contaminants? 2. Classification; 3. Representatives.

CONTAMINANTS 1. Food toxicology, terms, perspectives and problems - What is a contaminant? - Which substances are contaminants? - What we should look to avoid? 1564 г. Paracelsus: “Everything is poison! Merely the dose determines the effect of a substance – poisonous or medicinal. ” - Toxic substance and toxic effect 1

Substance Animal, Route LD 50 {LC 50} LD 50 : g/kg {LC 50 : g/L} standardized Water rat, oral 90, 000 mg/kg 90 Sucrose (table sugar) rat, oral 29, 700 mg/kg 29. 7 Monosodium glutamate rat, oral 16, 600 mg/kg 16. 6 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) rat, oral 11, 900 mg/kg 11. 9 Grain alcohol (ethanol) rat, oral 7, 060 mg/kg 7. 06 Table Salt rat, oral 3, 000 mg/kg 3 Paracetamol rat, oral 1, 944 mg/kg 1. 944 Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) rat, oral 200 mg/kg 0. 2 Caffeine rat, oral 192 mg/kg 0. 192 Nicotine rat, oral mice, oral 50 mg/kg 3. 3 mg/kg 0. 05 0. 0033 Capsaicin mouse, oral 47. 2 mg/kg 0. 0472 Sodium cyanide rat, oral 6. 4 mg/kg 0. 0064 White phosphorus rat, oral 3. 03 mg/kg 0. 00303 Strychnine human, oral 1– 2 mg/kg 0. 001 Aflatoxin B 1 (from Aspergillus flavus) rat, oral 0. 48 mg/kg 0. 00048 Venom of the Inland Taipan (Australian snake) rat, subcutaneous 25 µg/kg 0. 000025 Ricin rat, intraperitoneal rat, oral 22 μg/kg 20– 30 mg/kg 0. 000022 0. 02 Dioxin (TCDD) rat, oral 20 µg/kg 0. 00002 Batrachotoxin (from poison dart frog) human, sub-cutaneous injection 2 -7 µg/kg (estimated) 0. 000002 Venom of Hydrophis belcheri (Belcher's Sea Snake) mouse, intraperitoneal 0. 25 µg/kg 0. 00000025 Botulinum toxin (Botox) human, oral, injection, inhalation 1 ng/kg (estimated) 0. 00001

! CONTAMINANTS 1. Food toxicology, terms, perspectives and problems - Terms: - acute toxicity – toxic response induced by single exposure (intake) of toxic substances (ex. HCN – 50 -60 mg); lethal dose - LD 50 - chronic toxicity – continuous (prolonged) exposure (intake) of toxic substances; tumor dose - TD 50 - MTD (maximum tolerated dose) - ADI (acceptable daily intake) 3

CONTAMINANTS 2. Classification 2. 1. Inherent toxicants: a). Natural components of the foodstuffs; b). Naturally present contaminants in foodstuffs: - with microbial, plant or animal origin derived as natural metabolites; - with non-microbial, plant or animal origin as a result of consumed toxicants by the organisms. 2. 2. Contaminants by human activity: a). Food additives; b). Agrochemicals and residue; c). Toxic metals; d). Substances derived from packings; e). Toxicants that are formed during food preparation; f). Toxicants resulted from incidents. 6

CONTAMINANTS 7 3. Representatives 3. 1. Naturally present contaminants in foodstuffs with microbial, plant or animal origin derived as natural metabolites 3. 1. 1. Plant - protease inhibitors - hemagglutinins (lectins) - saponins solanine

CONTAMINANTS 8 3. Representatives 3. 1. Naturally present contaminants in foodstuffs with microbial, plant or animal origin derived as natural metabolites 3. 1. 1. Plant - cyanogenic substances Amygdalin - in bitter almonds (but not in sweet almonds) cherries, apples, plums, peaches, apricots. Dhurrin sorghum varieties Linamarin - leaves and roots of cassava, lima beans, flax.

CONTAMINANTS 9 3. Representatives 3. 1. Naturally present contaminants in foodstuffs with microbial, plant or animal origin derived as natural metabolites 3. 1. 1. Plant - phytoalexins - act as toxins to the attacking organism Allixin (from garlic) - anti-oxidative effects, anti-microbial effects, anti-tumor promoting effects, inhibition of aflatoxin binding. - others gossypol – cotton seeds

CONTAMINANTS 10 3. Representatives 3. 1. Naturally present contaminants in foodstuffs with microbial, plant or animal origin derived as natural metabolites 3. 1. 2. Animal - Toxins produced by marine animals tetrodotoxin – pufferfish (fugu); extremely toxic Ocadaic acid (phycotoxin – toxin produced by phytoplanktons)

CONTAMINANTS 11 3. Representatives 3. 1. 3. Mycotoxins Toxin Producer Sources Toxic effect Aflatoxins Aspergillus Nuts, cereals, oilseeds Hepatotoxicity, liver cancerogenic substances (animals) Sterigmato Aspergillus cystin nidulans and A. versicolor Cereals Hepatotoxic and cancerogenic for rat’s liver Ochratoxin A. ochraceus, P. verrucosum and P. carbonarius Cereals, coffee Toxic effect on rat’s kidneys beans, animals meat Patulin Aspergillus, Peni cillium and Bysso chlamys sp. Apples, cereals Inflammatory processes, toxic etc. effect on rat’s kidneys Fusarium sp. , Gibberella sp. Cereals infertility, abortion (swine); Sex disorders; 1930 s Fusariumcontaminated wheat flour baked into bread-alimentary toxic aleukia (60% mortality rate)

CONTAMINANTS 12 3. Representatives 3. 1. 3. Mycotoxins Aflatoxin B 1 Sterigmatocystin Ochratoxin A Zearalenone Patulin

CONTAMINANTS 13 3. Representatives 3. 1. 4. Microbial Botulinum toxin-BTX (Clostridium botulinum); tetanus toxins – tetanospasmin, tetanolysin (Clostridium tetani); Staphylococcus aureus toxins, Escherihia coli etc. Botulinum toxin DL 50 estimated for humans 1. 3÷ 2. 1 ng/kg intravenously or intramuscularly and 10÷ 13 ng/kg when inhaled. Arnon, Stephen S. ; Schechter R; Inglesby TV; Henderson DA; Bartlett JG; Ascher MS; Eitzen E; Fine AD; Hauer J; Layton M; Lillibridge S; Osterholm MT; O'Toole T; Parker G; Perl TM; Russell PK; Swerdlow DL; Tonat K; Working Group on Civilian Biodefense (February 21, 2001). "Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health Management" (PDF, 0. 5 MB). Journal of the American Medical Association 285 (8): 1059– 1070.

CONTAMINANTS 3. Representatives 3. 2. Contaminants by human activity 3. 2. 1. Food additives: - nitrates, nitrites; - sulfites; 3. 2. 2. Agrochemicals and residues - pesticides, insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, hormones, antibiotics 3. 2. 3. Toxic metals - lead, mercury, arsenic, tin, aluminium. . . 14

CONTAMINANTS 15 3. Representatives 3. 2. Contaminants by human activity 3. 2. 4. Substances derived from packings – tin, lead, benzophenone (UVprotection of plastics)-allergen, bisphenol A (obtaining of plastics, polycarbonates (CDs, DVDs) and epoxy resins); Perfluorooctanoic acid ( microwave popcorn bags; PTFE (Teflon) Bisphenol A Perfluorooctanoic acid

CONTAMINANTS 16 3. Representatives 3. 2. Contaminants by human activity 3. 2. 5 Others – radionuclides, benzopyrenes, dioxins, PCB - polychlorobiphényles (TCDD) benzo[a]pyrenes PCB polychlorinated biphenyls dioxins Irish pork crisis of 2008 2, 3, 7, 8 -tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin

CONTAMINANTS 4. Other aspects https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=U 6 v 8 eq. Eso. KY – food fraud 17