Consumer health education CHS 488 Lecture 2 By

Consumer health education CHS 488 Lecture 2 By Dr. Ebtisam Fetohy-2012

Consumer Health I-Patient education, II-School education. III- Occupational Health Education: health The growing cost of health care combined with The increase of preventable acute and chronic illnesses Drive the continuing need for comprehensive worksite health promotion programs. § §

Occupational Health Education The worksite setting provides an opportunity to implement: § educational programs; § policy and § environmental actions that support health, which benefit: Ø Managers, Ø Employees, and, ultimately, Ø the community as a whole.

Occupational Health Education Ø Environmental hazards of many types exist in the workplace. Ø The U S public Health Service has estimated that there may be as many as 390, 000 new cases of occupational disease each year and 100, 000 deaths.

III-Occupational Health Education Categories of risks to the workers include: 1. Safety hazards or dangerous physical condition and 2. Health hazards such as high levels of toxic substances in the immediate environment.

III-Occupational Health Education v The number of carcinogens in the workplace is growing daily. v Research has found that for many types of cancer, there is a long latency period (2030 year) following exposure before a cancer can be detected.

III-Occupational Health Education For some cancers, the victim may have been exposed only for: • a few weeks or • may have been exposed indirectly through: A- contamination of clothing at work or B- by living in a community where a high level of carcinogens is found in the atmosphere.

III-Occupational Health Education Need for occupational health education: 1. Extensive employee educational programs in order to foster the worker’s understanding of his/her rights and responsibilities under the federal ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ occupational safety and health laws. Ø Many large corporations have instituted: • Annual health screening examinations& • Counseling programs for executives ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﻴﻦ and workers alike.

III-Occupational Health Education National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has proposed the establishment of regional centers to be primarily involved in: 1 -residency ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﻤﻴﻦ physicians training in occupational medicine. 2 -curriculum development. 3 -graduate training in related area such as industrial hygiene and safety engineering.

III-Occupational Health Education A major problem is: The employees’ fear of: • Cancer and • Other industrial diseases coupled with their equally • Strong fear of plant closing (due to high toxicity levels) and the possible loss of their jobs. Ø Many workers come to terms with potential dangers by denying the possibility of cancer in the worksite.

III-Occupational Health Education Ø A concerted ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ efforts by: • Management------ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ • Unions------ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﻴﺔ • Health professionals • The workers themselves. Ø This concerted effort is needed for all to come to grips with the problems of occupational diseases. Ø The task force report concluded: “ The same four factors that hamper ﻳﻌﻮﻕ other forms of Health Education are present, namely:

III-Occupational Health Education Barriers to occupational health education: 1 - individual ignorance. 2 - public apathy ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺒﺎﻻﺓ. 3 - commercial pressure and 4 - lack of strong positive leadership on the part of either: A. The government or B. The health professions, All negatively affect occupational health programs.

§ Physical activity and fitness § Nutrition and weight control § Stress reduction § Worker safety and health § Blood pressure and/or cholesterol education and control § Alcohol, smoking and drugs

§ Reduce medical care costs § Enhance productivity § Enhance the image ﺻﻮﺭﺓ company of the

Worksite Health Promotion ~ Practitioners Perspective Relatively new phenomenon (mid-1970 s)… On-site programs… Programs vary widely in content and focus… Some programs offer during work hours, some before and after work hours… Some totally funded, some employee-employer funded… Rationale: (1) Employee spends 1/3 of his life on the job. We have a captive ﺍﺳﻴﺮ audience. (2) Healthy employees save the employer money. (3) Morale and turnover ﻣﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ are positively impacted.

Sites of occupational education Private clubs (Gold’s Gym) Parks ﻣﺘﻨﺰﻫﺎﺕ and Recreation Depts. College’s/Universities Hospitals Condo ﺷﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ /Apartment complexes Hotels Resorts ﻣﺼﺎﻳﻒ and Cruise ﺟﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ lines

Advantages of employment in Worksite H. P. Opportunity for prevention emphasis Access to individuals who might not participate in community programs Diverse groups of people (upper management to blue collar workers) Generally a high degree of job satisfaction Pay and benefits generally good Access to fitness facilities for personal use

Disadvantages in Worksite setting Long and irregular hours (e. g. , shift work) Not much room for advancement ﺗﻘﺪﻡ Program is low on the corporate priority list Subcontracting ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ may take over ﻳﺴﻴﻄﺮ Strong pressure to be a role model

Why Community Health Education? § Community-Based Health Education: A key to prevention and early detection § Because Over the last century, the leading causes of death have shifted from infectious diseases to chronic behavioral oriented types of diseases.

Community/Public Health Education: Joint Committee on Health Education… …the application of a variety of methods that result in the education and mobilization of community members in actions for resolving health issues and problems which affect the community. These methods include, but are not limited to, group process, mass media, communication, community organization, organization development, strategic planning, skills training, legislation, policy making, and advocacy.

Community Health Programs Basic premise: The health of a community is the sum total of the health of the individuals comprising that community. .

The present day leading causes of death result from lifestyle choices or behaviors: • Injury, • Violence, and • Other factors in the environment; and unavailability or inaccessibility of quality health programs and services.

While health promotion in schools, health care centers, and worksites provides targeted interventions for specific population groups, community-based programs can reach the entire population.

IV-Community health education It is the program designed to help people develop: 1. Necessary attitudes, 2. Knowledge and 3. Practices for optimal state of health for themselves, their families and communities. They are offered through: • Federal, state and local public agencies, • Charitable ﺧﻴﺮﻳﺔ organization, • Voluntary ﻃﻮﻋﻴﺔ agencies and • Hospitals.

IV-Community health education Ø Many hospitals are involved in community programs offering education on specific diseases and general health information. For e. g. , a typical hospital with an active community health education program may offer: 1. diabetes; 2. ostomy and 3. cardiac as well as smoking clinics; 4. parental ﺃﺒﻮﻳﺔ and parenting ﺃﺒﻮﺓ classes;

IV-Community health education, cont 5. obesity programs 6. a cardiopulmonary resuscitation course; 7. industrial health education; 8. drug education and 9. program concerning venereal diseases. Ø The objectives should be: 1. Identification of the needs and 2. Determination of specific health risk factors that exist in the community. Ø Risk factors vary depending on the : • racial; • socioeconomic and • occupational structure of the community.

IV-Community health education Once the community’s needs have been identified, programs can be designed to meet them. Ø The major problem of Community HE are: • Insufficient program funding and • Inability of many agencies to involve consumers in their programs.

IV-Community health education It is essential that community programs be designed with the consumer in mind so that: 1. Language difference; 2. Economic conditions and 3. Consumers’ free time to attend such programs are taken into consideration. Where the majority of both men and women hold jobs, programs should be arranged at appropriate hours. 4. Another major problem of community health programs is the lack of compliance.

IV-Community health education Many individual consumers do not follow up on risk factors identified through community screening programs. Even after thorough ﺷﺎﻣﻞ program of telephone calls and letters, the compliance rate is frequently very low.

Included in the community setting are: § public facilities; § local government agencies; and § social service, faith, and civic ﻣﺪﻧﻲ organizations that provide channels to reach people where they live, work, and play.

§ They can be strong advocates for educational, policy, and environmental changes throughout the community. § Places of worship ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺩﺓ may be a particularly important setting for health promotion initiatives, and they may effectively reach some underserved populations.

A Day in the Life of a Community Health Educator Advantages/Disadvantages of Working in Community/Public Health Education: ADVANTAGES: 1. Highly varied and dynamic job responsibilities 2. Strong prevention orientation ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ 3. High community profile 4. Work with multiple groups (ethnicities) 5. High degree of self-satisfaction

Disadvantages of working in Community/Public Health Education 1. Low pay, especially in the voluntary health agencies 2. If employment depends upon soft ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ money, job security is tenuous… ﺿﻌﻴﻒ 3. Volunteers can be unreliable and irresponsible… 4. Lack of funding is always a problem.

V-National health and health related agency programs These programs differ from those already mentioned because they are sponsored by voluntary nonprofit agencies as well as profit making agencies.

Two sources of employment: 1. Voluntary Health Agencies: Address health needs not met by government agencies…. American Cancer Society, American Heart Association, American Lung Association. 2. Public Health Agencies: Government health agencies (tax supported)…Public Health Departments.

V-National health and health related agency programs For e. g. , because of its extensive public information program, the American Cancer Society’s “seven danger signals” have widely known by the public: 1. Unusual bleeding/discharge: • Blood in urine or stool • Discharge from any part of the body, for e. g. , nipple, penis, etc.

V-National health and health related agency programs 2. A sore which does not heel: sores that: • Don’t seem to be getting better over time • Are getting bigger • Getting more painful • Are starting to bleed. 3. Change in bowel or bladder habits: • Change in the color, consistency, size, or shape, of stool (diarrhea, constipation) • Blood present in urine or stool.

V-National health and health related agency programs 4. Lump in breast or other part of the body: • Any lump found in the breast when doing a self examination. • Any lump in scrotum when doing a self examination • Other lumps found on the body.

V-National health and health related agency programs 5. Nagging ﻣﺰﻋﺠﺔ cough: • Change in voice and hoarseness • Cough that doesn’t go away • Sputum with blood

6. Obvious change in moles ﺷﺎﻣﺎﺕ : use the ABCD roles: • Asymmetry: Does the mole look the same in all parts or are there differences? • Border: are the borders sharp or ragged ? ﺧﺸﻦ • Color: what are the colors seen in the mole? • Diameter: is the mole bigger than a pencil eraser (6 mm)?

V-National health and health related agency programs 7. Difficulty in swallowing: • Feeling of pressure in throat or chest which makes swallowing uncomfortable • Feeling of full without food or with small amount of food. Ø Such groups as: • weight watchers; • Alcoholics anonymous; and • Smoke Enders, are only a few of the numerous organizations that have a health message to impart. Ø However, general health education is not their major objective.

V-National health and health related agency programs Advantage: • They manage to affect the public’s lifestyle in areas where professional health education has failed. • These health and health related agencies have an impact upon society in many areas of consumer health education.

V-National health and health related agency programs Ø Frequently, one’s experience with a disease or condition gives one a much better perspective for, related to it and teaching others who are similarly afflicted. Ø For e. g. , the Reach for Recovery program of the American Cancer Society utilizes volunteers who have undergone mastectomy operations in the rehabilitation of recent mastectomy patients( self- help group).

VI-The Media People get information about health from media especially Television. According to Harris Poll commissioned by the Blue Cross Association, 29% of the people surveyed reported that they received most of health and medical information from TV advertising. Only doctors exceed the media in providing health information. This might be positive indicator. If the information received from the media were accurate.

VI-The Media Disadvantages: However, investigation have revealed that much of the information regarding health was: • Inaccurate; • Misleading or both. Advantages: Television and the media in general, offer an excellent vehicle for health information which is both: • Accurate and • Relevant.

VI-The Media Most people have seen and assimilated ﺗﺴﺘﻮﻋﺐ information from: • health documentaries ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻘﻴﺎﺕ , • public broadcasting, or • advertising provided by health agencies. Health message advertising is most effective in areas of: • Smoking • Venereal diseases (VD); • Hypertension and • Sickle- cell anemia.

VI-The Media It has been estimated that daily Radio audience exceeds 116 million adults and T. V audience exceeds 64 million adults. Given that potential combined with readership of printed media. One can easily see the advantages of utilizing mass media for HE purposes.

VI-The Media Needs : There is a definite need for the media to: Ø Regulate the preparation of appropriate broadcast materials and a need for: Ø Clearly defined accountability ﻣﺴﺆﻮﻟﻴﺔ to the public; Ø There is also need for health educators and broadcasters to cooperate in the development of health education Programming.

Landing ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ the First Job Summer employment in health ed settings Volunteer work in health ed settings Develop a professional portfolio Certifications (CHES) Faculty recommendations Professional organizations GRADUATE SCHOOL