Constructive or Destructive Changing Earths Surface Constructive Destructive

Constructive or Destructive? Changing Earth’s Surface

Constructive? Destructive? Ø What do these two terms mean? l l Constructive: Destructive: Ø What, on Earth, would you consider to be constructive and destructive? Ø What causes the constructive and destructive events on Earth?

Tectonic Plate Boundaries Ø As you know, tectonic plate boundaries are responsible for many changes on Earth. What are some of those features and events? Ø Which of these are Constructive? Destructive?

Volcanoes Ø Are Volcanoes constructive or destructive? Ø Give an example of when they could be one or the other, or even both.

Ring of Fire Ø The Ring of Fire refers to the large amount of volcanoes that wrap around the Pacific Ocean. Ø That sounds like a lot of new land being formed. How long do you think it takes to develop life on those islands?

What is a fault? Ø We are still dealing with compression, tension, and shear stress. Faults and animations Ø More faults and animations Ø Hanging and Foot walls Ø

The Three Types of Faults Ø Caused by tension Ø Caused by compression Ø Caused by shear stress

Mountains Ø How were mountains formed at tectonic plate boundaries? Ø How else do mountains form?

Mountains Ø By the end of this section you should have recorded information on l l Fault-block mountains Upwarped mountains Volcanic mountains Folded mountains

Aren’t All Mountains the Same? Ø Check out this little video about the types of mountains. Ø Mountains

The Four Types of Mountains Ø Fault Block Volcanic

The Four Types of Mountains Ø Folded Upwarped

Can You Make It? Ø Mount Everest Game

What Do You Know? Ø In your assigned groups, answer the four questions with as many good answers as possible. Ø You are competing for bonus points, so don’t discuss your answers too loudly!!

Weathering Ø Weathering, in general, is the breakdown of rock into smaller and smaller pieces. Ø You may also consider the movement of material due to weathering processes

Mechanical Weathering Ø Mechanical weathering is the breakdown of rock by PHYSICAL means, such as ice, wind, water, gravity, plants, and animals

Mechanical Weathering - Ice Ø When water seeps into rocks and freezes, it expands. Ø When it expands, it breaks up the rocks.

Mechanical Weathering - Wind Ø Wind causes abrasion when it blows smaller rocks and sand against other rocks, which wears them down. Ø This action is like sandpaper.

Mechanical Weathering - Water Ø Moving water causes abrasion when it carries small rocks and particles with it, which rub against other rocks, wearing them down. Ø This action is like sand paper.

Mechanical Weathering - Water Ø Underground water flow can also cause sink holes.

Mechanical Weathering - Gravity Ø Gravity causes rocks and smaller particles to fall or tumble, causing abrasion when they rub against other rocks and wear them down. Ø This action is like sandpaper.

Mechanical Weathering – Plants and Animals Ø Plant roots move into existing cracks and then continue to grow, breaking up the rock. Ø Plant roots (which usually help hold soil) can cause the soil to loosen and erode in some areas. Ø Animals create burrows and tunnels through the soil, such as ants, worms, and moles.

Chemical Weathering Ø Chemical weathering is the breakdown of rocks and minerals into new substances by CHEMICAL means such as water, acids, air, and soil.

Chemical Weathering - Water, even though it may be a slow process, can dissolve minerals and rocks. Ø This process is similar to you dissolving sugar in a glass of water. Ø

Chemical Weathering – Acid Precipitation naturally contains small amounts of acid (such as sulfuric and nitric acids) which break down materials they come in contact with. Ø This is worse in areas with lots of factories. Ø

Chemical Weathering – Acids in Ground Water Ø Sometimes water in the ground contains weak acids (such as carbonic or sulfuric acids) which dissolve rocks like limestone. Ø This process is what creates caves and caverns.

Chemical Weathering – Acids in Living Things Ø Organisms such as lichens, which grow on rocks (and trees), produce acids as a waste product. Ø These acids slowly break down the rocks. Ø This is how soil starts to form from rocks.

Chemical Weathering - Air Ø Oxygen in the air reacts with iron to create iron oxide – rust, which can be seen in rocks that contain iron.

Differential Weathering Ø When softer, less weather resistant rocks wear away and expose harder, more weather resistant rocks. Ø This is Devil’s Tower, which is the remains of the inside of a volcano.

Weathering Rate by Size Ø The smaller a rock is, the faster it will erode Ø Consider: dissolving a sugar cube or regular sugar

KEEP IN MIND. . . ØThe next slides of wave erosion, wind erosion, glaciers, and mass movement are all examples of mechanical weathering!!

Wave Energy Ø Waves carry a lot of energy, which is capable of moving large amounts of material.

Wave Energy - Beaches Ø Beaches are any area of shoreline made up of materials deposited by waves.

Wave Energy - Sea Cliffs Ø Waves erode and cut into the rock, creating steep slopes.

Wave Energy - Sea Arches Ø Sea Arches form when waves continue to erode the rock and cut through

Wave Energy - Sea Stacks Ø Sea stacks used to be connected to the mainland, but have been eroded.

Wind Erosion Ø Wind is powerful and can change the landscape. Ø The changes depend on the amount of wind and the material that makes up the land.

Wind Erosion - Dunes Ø Dunes are mounds of wind deposited sand that continue to move around.

Glaciers Ø A glacier, in general, is a large mass of moving ice.

Alpine Glaciers Ø Alpine glaciers form in mountainous areas. Ø These carve out rugged features in mountains.

Continental Glaciers Ø Continental Glaciers are large ice sheets that can cover millions of square kilometers. Ø Antarctica is covered by a glacier more than 1. 5 X the size of the U. S. and that is even up to 4, 000 meters thick in some places!

Glacial Deposits Ø Glacial deposits are all of the material that is carried and deposited by glaciers.

Glacial Deposits – Striated Drift Ø Striated Drift means that the rocks and material have been sorted out by size and are in layers.

Glacial Deposits – Till Deposits Ø Till deposits is unsorted material deposited by the glacier.

Mass Movement Ø Mass movement is the movement of any material down slope. Ø Gravity controls mass movement. Ø It can be a slow or fast process.

Mass Movement – Rock Fall Ø Loosened and exposed rock may fall in chunks or slide down a slope. Ø This happens quickly.

Mass Movement - Landslide Ø Large amounts of material move downward quickly.

Mass Movement - Mudflow Ø Mudflows are large amounts of flowing mud. Ø This happens when water combines with rocks and soil.

Mass Movement - Lahars Ø Lahars are mudflows made from water, soil, and volcanic ash. Ø This material is similar to concrete.

Mass Movement - Creep Ø Creep is a slow movement of areas of land.

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More references Ø Ø Ø http: //www. sugarcubes. ca/sugarcubes_files/baby%20 sugar%20 cubes%20 md%20 web. jpg http: //www. cbc. ca/consumers/market/files/food/sugar/gfx/sugar_top. jpg http: //blogs. business 2. com/greenwombat/images/waves_3. jpg http: //www. destination 360. com/europe/portugal-beaches. php http: //www. brooklynparrots. com/uploaded_images/parrots-invade-nj-beaches 2 -719501. jpg http: //www. myantigua. org/antigua/images/gen_pages/beaches/ant_long_beach_lg. jpg http: //www. cinnamonrainbows. com/weeklypic/HUGE%20 Wave. jpg http: //www. celebratebig. com/pacific-northwest/vancouver-island-barkley-sound-deer-island-groupbamfield-tofino-kayaking/barkley-sound-vancouver-island-deer-group-rock-sea-arch. jpg http: //great-hikes. com/blog/images/Kalalau. Last. Cave. jpg http: //wallpaper. travelblog. org/Wallpaper/pix/tb_mui_ne_sand_dunes. jpg http: //www. uvm. edu/whale//Glaciers. What. Are. html http: //www. harbourtrust. gov. au/images/photographic/nh 09. jpg http: //coastal. er. usgs. gov/navassa/photos/ep/hike/Terrace. Cliff. jpg Ø Ø http: //www. aegweb. org/images/Geologic%20 Hazards/globalvolcanoes. png http: //www. iguanaverdetours. com/images/ivpoas. jpg Ø http: //pirate. shu. edu/~schoenma/mountains. htm Ø http: //www. waterencyclopedia. com/images/wsci_03_img 0412. jpg Ø Ø Ø Ø

And Yet Even More References Ø http: //www. susanmilne. com/glacier/gla-norsun 3. jpg http: //geoinfo. amu. edu. pl/wpk/pe/a/harbbook/c_viii/images/alpine/Bee 0050. GIF http: //www. homepage. montana. edu/~geol 445/hyperglac/morphology 1/Continental. Ice. jpg http: //www. minsocam. org/msa/collectors_corner/vft/img/glacial 1. jpg http: //geogweb. berkeley. edu/Geo. Images/Wells/geomorph/striated. jpg http: //3 dparks. wr. usgs. gov/nyc/images/fig 162. jpg http: //nesoil. com/images/tillcut. jpg http: //www. uwsp. edu/geo/faculty/ritter/images/lithosphere/mass_wasting_erosion/landslide_La_Conchita_CA_US GS_slide 21. jpg http: //www. boing. net/images/_us. yimg. com_p_ap_20050110_capt. cadd 10101102308. topix_california_storm _cadd 101. jpg http: //www. soton. ac. uk/~imw/jpg-Kimmeridge/6 KM-collapse-two. jpg http: //img. timeinc. net/time/photoessays/salvadorquake/landslide. jpg http: //hkss. cedd. gov. hk/hkss/eng/slopeinfo/images/Po. Shan. Landslide. jpg http: //www. geocities. com/Rain. Forest/8211/siano 2. jpg http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lahar_Mount_Pinatubo. JPG/800 px. Lahar_Mount_Pinatubo. JPG http: //www. ndsu. nodak. edu/fargo_geology/mass_wasting/mw_images/trlwood_meander_1982. jpg Ø Ø Ø http: //www. ndsu. edu/nd_geology/nd_mass_wasting/images_mass_wasting/creep_kathryn 1. jpg http: //www. uwec. edu/jolhm/EH/Below/Images/sinkhole%20 BIG. jpg http: //mcmcweb. er. usgs. gov/mcgsc/images/nixa_sinkhole_sm. jpg http: //www. gasd. k 12. pa. us/~dpompa/Plate%20 Boundaries. JPG http: //media-2. web. britannica. com/eb-media/31/20231 -004 -008 EFA 7 E. jpg Ø Ø Ø Ø