Constitutional Convention Annapolis Maryland convention 1787 was called

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 • • Constitutional Convention. Annapolis, Maryland - convention 1787 was called to address

• • Constitutional Convention. Annapolis, Maryland - convention 1787 was called to address the Articles’ inability to regulate commerce, but only five states were represented – Decided to meet again May 25, 1787, 55 delegates from 12 states (Rhode Island wasn’t there) met in Philadelphia to “revise the Articles only” – Hamilton, Franklin, and Madison – Jefferson, John and Sam Adams, Thomas Paine, Hancock, and Patrick Henry were not there (Patriots like Sam Adams were seen as too radical) • 55 delegates were all well-off and mostly young • Hoped to preserve the union, protect the American democracy from abroad and preserve it at home, and to curb the unrestrained democracy rampant in various states (like rebellions, etc…)

Constitutional Convention-1787 • • Delegates decided to scrap the Articles & create a new

Constitutional Convention-1787 • • Delegates decided to scrap the Articles & create a new Constitution – Virginia’s large state plan called for Congressional representation based on state population, while New Jersey’s small state plan called for equal representation from all states – “Great Compromise” - Congress would have two houses, the House of Representatives, where representation was based on population, and the Senate, where each state got 2 representatives – All tax bills would start in the House Strong, independent executive branch with a president who would be military commander-in-chief and who could veto legislation Election of the president - Electoral College, rather than by the people directly (People were viewed as too ignorant to vote) Slaves - count as 3/5 of a person in census counts for representation – Constitution enabled a state to shut off slave importation if it wanted, after 1807

Constitutional Convention-1787 • • • Delegates at the Convention all believed in a system

Constitutional Convention-1787 • • • Delegates at the Convention all believed in a system with checks and balances, and the more conservative people deliberately erected safeguards against excesses of mobs – Federal chief justices were appointed for life, thus creating stability conservatives liked – Electoral college created a buffer between the people and the presidency – Senators were elected by state legislators, not by the people – People voted for 1/2 of 1/3 of the government (only for representatives in the House) People still had power, and government was based on the people End of the Convention, on Sept. 17, 1787, only 42 of the original 55 were still there to sign the Constitution

The Clash of Federalists and Anti -Federalists • • • Knowing that state legislatures

The Clash of Federalists and Anti -Federalists • • • Knowing that state legislatures would certainly veto the new Constitution, the Founding Fathers sent copies of it out to state conventions, where it could be debated and voted upon – People could judge it themselves American people were shocked, had expected a patched up Articles but had received a whole new Constitution (the Convention had been very well concealed and kept secret) Federalists, who favored the proposed stronger government, were against the anti -federalists, who were opposed to the Constitution Federalists were more respectable and generally embraced the cultured and propertied groups, and many were former Loyalists Anti-federalists cried that it was drawn up by aristocratic elements and was therefore anti-democratic Anti-federalists - poor farmers, the illiterate, and states’ rights devotees

The Struggle over Ratification This mottled map shows that federalist support tended to cluster

The Struggle over Ratification This mottled map shows that federalist support tended to cluster around the coastal areas, which had enjoyed profitable commerce with the outside world, including the export of grain and tobacco. Impoverished frontiersmen, suspicious of a powerful new central government under the Constitution, were generally antifederalists.

The Struggle over Ratification • • Elections were run to elect people into the

The Struggle over Ratification • • Elections were run to elect people into the state conventions Four small states quickly ratified the Constitution, and Pennsylvania was the first large state to act Massachusetts, a hard fought race between the supporters and detractors (including Samuel Adams, the “Engineer of Revolution” who now resisted change), and Massachusetts finally ratified it after a promise of a bill of rights to be added later – Had this state not ratified, it would have brought the whole thing down Three more states ratified, and on June 21, 1788, the Constitution was officially adopted after nine states (all but Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island) had ratified it

The Struggle over Ratification • • • Virginia, knowing that it could not be

The Struggle over Ratification • • • Virginia, knowing that it could not be an independent state (the Constitution was about to be ratified by the 9 th state, New Hampshire), finally ratified it by a vote of 89 to 79 New York was swayed by The Federalist Papers, written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton, and finally yielded after realizing that it couldn’t prosper apart from the union North Carolina and Rhode Island finally ratified it after intense pressure from the government

Growing Pains • • 1789 - new U. S. Constitution Population doubling every 25

Growing Pains • • 1789 - new U. S. Constitution Population doubling every 25 yrs – America’s population - 90% rural, 5% west of Appalachians – The largest cities in the 1790 census (in order) were Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Charleston, and Baltimore – 1791 – Vermont 14 th State – 1792 – Kentucky 15 th State – 1796 – Tennessee 16 th State – 1801 – Ohio 17 th State America - heavily in debt, paper money worthless Restless monarchs watched to see if the U. S. could succeed in setting up a republic while facing such overwhelming odds

Population from 1790 Census Free white males of 16 years and upward, including heads

Population from 1790 Census Free white males of 16 years and upward, including heads of families New Hampshire Free white males under 16 years Free white females, including heads of families All other free persons Slaves Total 36, 086 34, 851 70, 160 630 158 141, 885 Massachusetts 95, 453 87, 289 190, 582 5, 463 None 378, 787 Rhode Island 16, 019 15, 799 32, 652 3, 407 948 68, 825 Connecticut 60, 523 54, 403 117, 448 2, 808 2, 764 237, 946 New York 83, 700 78, 122 152, 320 4, 654 21, 324 340, 120 New Jersey 45, 251 41, 416 83, 287 2, 762 11, 423 184, 139 Pennsylvania 110, 788 106, 948 206, 363 6, 537 3, 737 434, 373 Delaware 11, 783 12, 143 22, 384 3, 899 8, 887 59, 094 Maryland 55, 915 51, 339 101, 395 8, 043 103, 036 319, 728 Virginia 110, 936 116, 135 215, 046 12, 866 292, 627 747, 610 North Carolina 69, 988 77, 506 140, 710 4, 975 100, 572 393, 751 South Carolina 35, 576 37, 722 66, 880 1, 801 107, 094 249, 073 Georgia 13, 103 14, 044 25, 739 398 29, 264 82, 548 Vermont 22, 435 22, 328 40, 505 255 16 85, 539 Maine 24, 384 24, 748 46, 870 538 None 96, 540 Kentucky 15, 154 17, 057 28, 922 114 12, 430 73, 677 807, 094 791, 850 1, 541, 263 59, 150 694, 280 3, 893, 635 State Territory Total

 • • • Washington’s Presidency George Washington – 6’ 2”, 175 pounds, broad

• • • Washington’s Presidency George Washington – 6’ 2”, 175 pounds, broad and sloping shoulders, strong pointed chin and pockmarks from smallpox – Imposing figure, helped him get unanimously elected as president by the Electoral College in 1789 Long journey from Mt. Vernon to New York (capital at the time) – Triumphant procession filled with cheering crowds and roaring festivities – Took his oath of office on April 30, 1789, on a balcony overlooking Wall Street Established a diverse cabinet – Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson – Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of War: Henry Knox

Washington’s Presidency A unanimous vote of all 69 electoral votes. The only US President

Washington’s Presidency A unanimous vote of all 69 electoral votes. The only US President ever to have a unanimous vote

Washington’s Presidency • George Washington elected first president • Under him were five executive

Washington’s Presidency • George Washington elected first president • Under him were five executive departments created by Congress – Departments of State, War, Treasury, Post Office, and Attorney General – Washington appointed the best qualified men he could find to head these departments • Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of Treasury • Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State • Henry Knox as Secretary of War

The Bill of Rights • • Anti-Federalist Ratified the Constitution on one condition –

The Bill of Rights • • Anti-Federalist Ratified the Constitution on one condition – Passage of a Bill of Rights – ratified in 1791 – Amendment I: Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition – Amendment II: Right to keep and bear arms – Amendment III: Soldiers can’t be housed in civilian homes during peacetime – Amendment IV: No unreasonable searches; all searches require warrants – Amendment V: Right to refuse to speak during a civil trial; No Double Jeopardy – Amendment VI: Right to a speedy and public trial, know your accuser – Amendment VII: Right to trial by jury – Amendment VIII: No excessive bails and/or fines – Amendment IX: Other rights not enumerated are also in effect (“People’s Rights” Amendment) – Amendment X: Unlisted powers belong to the state (“States’ Rights” Amendment) The Judiciary Act of 1789 created an effective federal courts • Organized the Supreme Court • Federal district and circuit courts • Established Office of Attorney General John Jay - first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court

Hamilton’s Economic Plan • • • Alexander Hamilton – Born British West Indies –

Hamilton’s Economic Plan • • • Alexander Hamilton – Born British West Indies – loyal to the U. S. was questioned, even claimed he loved his adopted country more than his adopted countrymen Urged Federal Government to pay its debts of $54 million at face value – A huge sum of $ Urged Federal Government to assume $21. 5 million worth of states’ debts – Massachusetts - huge debt, but Virginia didn’t, so there needed to be some haggling or compromise – Virginia felt unfair that all debts were to be assumed by the entire nation – Bargain - Virginia would have District of Columbia built on its land (therefore gaining prestige) in return for letting the government assume all the states’ debts – Hamilton thought it would bind the states to the Federal Government

Hamilton’s Economic Plan • • With the national debt at a huge $75 million,

Hamilton’s Economic Plan • • With the national debt at a huge $75 million, Alexander Hamilton was strangely unworried Used the debt as an asset: the more people the government owed money to, the more people would care about what would happen to the U. S. as a whole nation To pay off some of the debt, Hamilton first proposed custom duties, and the first one, imposing a low tariff of about 8% of the value of imports, was passed in 1789 – Hamilton also wanted to protect America’s infant industries, though the U. S. was still dominated by agricultural programs. Little was done regarding this In 1791, Hamilton secured an excise tax on a few domestic items, notably whiskey (at 7 cents per gallon). This hit the whiskeymakers in the backwoods hard because they often used whiskey as money

Bank of the United States • Hamilton proposed a national treasury – To be

Bank of the United States • Hamilton proposed a national treasury – To be a private institution modeled after the Bank of England – To have the federal government as a major stockholder – To circulate cash to stimulate businesses – To store excess money – To print a national currency, which would stabilize the money supply • Opposed by Jefferson as being unconstitutional (as well as a tool for the rich to better themselves) • This banking issue will be a decisive issue between the north and south.

Bank of the United States Hamilton’s Views: – What was not forbidden in the

Bank of the United States Hamilton’s Views: – What was not forbidden in the Constitution was permitted – Bank was “necessary and proper” (from Constitution) – Evolved the Elastic Clause, AKA the “necessary and proper” clause, greatly expand federal power – “Loose interpretation” of the Constitution Jefferson’s Views: – What was not permitted was forbidden – Bank should be a statecontrolled item (since the 10 th Amendment says powers not delegated in the Constitution are left to the states) – Constitution should be interpreted literally and through a “strict interpretation”

Bank of the United States • • End result: Hamilton won the dispute, and

Bank of the United States • • End result: Hamilton won the dispute, and Washington reluctantly signed the bank measure into law Bank of the United States was created by Congress in 1791, and was chartered for 20 years. – Located in Philadelphia and was to have a capital of $10 million – Stock was thrown open to public sale, and surprisingly, a milling crowd oversubscribed in two hours

Whiskey Rebellion • • 1794, western Pennsylvania, Whiskey Rebellion flared up when fed-up farmers

Whiskey Rebellion • • 1794, western Pennsylvania, Whiskey Rebellion flared up when fed-up farmers revolted against Hamilton’s excise tax – Liquor and alcohol was often used as money – Unfairly singled out to be taxed – Cried “taxation without representation” since many were from Tennessee and Kentucky which were not yet states and had no one in Congress – Federal revenue collection officers were tarred-and -feathered, homes were burned, court proceedings were disrupted, mail carriers were robbed — a few people even got killed. Washington sent an army of 13, 000 troops from various states to the revolt, soldiers found nothing; rebels had scattered Washington’s new presidency now commanded new respect, but Anti-Federalists criticized the government’s use of a sledgehammer to crush a gnat Lesson of Whiskey Rebellion - this government, unlike the Articles, was strong!

 • • The Emergence of Political Parties Hamilton’s policies (national bank, suppression of

• • The Emergence of Political Parties Hamilton’s policies (national bank, suppression of Whiskey Rebellion, excise tax) seemed to encroach on states’ rights Resentment grew, what was once a personal rivalry between Hamilton and Jefferson gradually evolved into two political parties Founding Fathers had not envisioned various political parties (Whigs and Federalists and Tories, etc… had existed, but they had been groups, not parties) 1825, the two-party system comes of age, helping strengthen the U. S. government, helping balance power and ensuring there was always a second choice to the ruling party

The Emergence of Political Parties • Adoption of Constitution did not end political arguments

The Emergence of Political Parties • Adoption of Constitution did not end political arguments that arose during ratification process • By the time George Washington left office in 1796, two distinct and sharply opposed political parties had taken shape – Federalist Party • Led by Washington, Hamilton, and John Adams – Republican Party • Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

Jefferson and Hamilton • • Jefferson hated industry because he felt industrial development would

Jefferson and Hamilton • • Jefferson hated industry because he felt industrial development would drive farmers into cities, deprive them of their property, and turn them into evil urban “mobs” Jefferson’s views were the complete opposite of Hamilton’s – Hamilton favored industrial and urban growth and didn’t like or trust the common man – Jefferson feared industrial and urban growth and idealized the common man

Alexander Hamilton • Strongly distrusted and disliked what he called the “common man” –

Alexander Hamilton • Strongly distrusted and disliked what he called the “common man” – The small farmers and urban workers who made up majority of population – Felt that they had too much liberty for their own good and that they were too stupid, selfish, and easily manipulated to be trusted to govern themselves • Hence his promotion of the Electoral College

Thomas Jefferson • Firmly believed that farmers were the salt of the earth •

Thomas Jefferson • Firmly believed that farmers were the salt of the earth • Believed that an ideal nation would be a “nation of small farmers” – Each working their little farms, voting intelligently, and enjoying as much liberty as possible • Had complete faith that, if educated properly, small farmers could be trusted to govern the nation well through their election of qualified representatives

Major areas of difference Federalists Democratic. Republicans Leaders of the party Alexander Hamilton, John

Major areas of difference Federalists Democratic. Republicans Leaders of the party Alexander Hamilton, John Adams and John Marshall Thomas Jefferson, James Madison Belief about who was most fit to run the country Rich, educated, “well-born” men of high social position (upper class) Men of talent, a meritocracy, which is a government ruled by ability (merit) rather than by wealth, race or class Strongest level of government Strong federal government Strong state governments, with limited federal power Foreign affairs Favored Britain Favored France Geographic areas of support New England South and West Main supporters Merchants, manufacturers Farmers, artisans (workers) Federal bank In favor, because Congress had power to collect taxes and would stabilize currency Against, because Constitution did not grant Congress that power, too much federal power Voting rights Must own property to vote Vote open to all adult white males 26

Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation • • 1793 - near end of Washington’s first term, two

Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation • • 1793 - near end of Washington’s first term, two parties evolved: Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans & Hamiltonian Federalists However, the French Revolution greatly affected America At first, people were overjoyed, since the first stages of the revolution were not unlike America’s dethroning of Britain. Only a few ultraconservative Federalists were upset at this “mobocracy” and revolt When the French declared war on Austria, then threw back the Austrian armies and then proclaimed itself a republic, Americans sang “The Marseillaise” and other French revolutionary songs, and renamed various streets and places After the revolution turned radical and bloody, the Federalists rapidly changed opinions and looked nervously at the Jeffersonians, who felt that no revolution could be carried out without a little bloodshed Neither group completely approved the French Revolution & its antics America was sucked into the revolution when France declared war on Great Britain and the battle for North American land began…again

Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation • • • JDR’s (Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans) enter on the side of

Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation • • • JDR’s (Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans) enter on the side of France, the recent friend of the U. S. , against Britain, the recent enemy-plus the Franco-American alliance of 1778 was still in effect Hamilton leaned toward siding with the Brits, as doing so would be economically advantageous Washington knew that war could mean disaster and disintegration President Washington Issued the Neutrality Proclamation, on April 22, 1793, declaring the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain. It threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to warring countries The Proclamation led to the Neutrality Act of 1794 JDR’s were furious, and this controversial statement irked both sides, France and England

Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation • • Citizen Edmond Genêt, landed in Charleston, SC – Cheered

Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation • • Citizen Edmond Genêt, landed in Charleston, SC – Cheered rousingly by Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans, who supported France, came to wrongly believe that Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation didn’t truly reflect the feelings of Americans – Equipped privateers to plunder British ships and to invade Spanish Florida and British Canada – Threatened to appeal over the head of Washington to the sovereign voters (afterwards, basically kicked out of the U. S) America’s neutrality helped France, since it opened up trade for American foodstuffs to the Caribbean islands

Trouble with Britain, AGAIN • • Britain still had many posts in the frontier,

Trouble with Britain, AGAIN • • Britain still had many posts in the frontier, and supplied the Indians with weapons 1795 - Treaty of Greenville – Indians cede their vast tract in the Ohio country to the Americans – After General “Mad Anthony” Wayne crushed them at the Battle of Fallen Timbers – Americans learned of, and were infuriated by, British guns being supplied to the Indians Ignoring America’s neutrality, British commanders of the Royal Navy seized about 300 American merchant ships and impressed (kidnapped) scores of seamen into their army Many JDR’s cried out for war with Britain, or at least an embargo, but Washington refused, knowing that such drastic action would destroy the Hamilton financial system

Trouble with Britain, AGAIN Despite the 1783 Treaty of Paris, the British government was

Trouble with Britain, AGAIN Despite the 1783 Treaty of Paris, the British government was reluctant to abandon its lucrative fur trade and maintained a chain of northern frontier posts.

Trouble with Britain, AGAIN • • Last-ditch attempt to avert war, Chief Justice John

Trouble with Britain, AGAIN • • Last-ditch attempt to avert war, Chief Justice John Jay sent to England Negotiations - sabotaged by Hamilton, secretly gave the Brits the details of America’s bargaining strategy Results of the Jay Treaty with England weren’t pretty: – Britain - repay the lost money from recent merchant ship seizures called “impressment”, said nothing about future seizures or supplying Indians with arms – America – agreed to pay off its pre-Revolutionary War debts to Britain Result – Jefferson Democratic Republican’s from South were furious, as the southern farmers would have to pay while the northern merchants would be paid Jay’s effigy was burnt in the streets War was avoided though and this is important Pinckney Treaty 1795 with Spain gave Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and the large disputed territory north of Florida

Washington’s Farewell • After his second term, Washington (1789 -1797) stepped down, creating a

Washington’s Farewell • After his second term, Washington (1789 -1797) stepped down, creating a strong two-term precedent that wasn’t broken until FDR was president – His Farewell Address warned • (1) Against political parties • (2) Against building permanent alliances with foreign nations. A policy that will become to be known as ISOLATIONISM – Washington had set the U. S. on its feet and had made it sturdy

John Adams Becomes President • The presidential campaign of 1796 featured Jefferson and Adams

John Adams Becomes President • The presidential campaign of 1796 featured Jefferson and Adams – Jefferson: Democratic. Republican – Adams: Federalist – Followers of each refused to drink in the same tavern

John Adams Becomes President • • Alexander Hamilton logical choice to become the next

John Adams Becomes President • • Alexander Hamilton logical choice to become the next president – His financial plan had made him very unpopular John Adams, the ablest statesmen of his day, won, 71 to 68, against Thomas Jefferson, who became vice president Adams had a hated rival and opponent in Hamilton, who plotted with Adams’ cabinet against the president, and a political rival in his vice president He also had a volatile situation with France that could explode into war

XYZ Affair • • France - furious about the Jay’s Treaty, calling it a

XYZ Affair • • France - furious about the Jay’s Treaty, calling it a flagrant violation of the 1778 Franco-American treaty, and so began seizing defenseless American merchant ships XYZ Affair, John Adams sent three envoys (including John Marshall) to France, where they were approached by three agents, “X, ” “Y, ” and “Z, ” who demanded a load of 32 million Florins and a $250, 000 bribe just for talking to French diplomat Talleyrand – Bribes - routine in diplomacy, large sum for simply talking weren’t worth it, & there was no guarantee of an agreement – Envoys returned to America, cheered by angry Americans as having done the right thing for America Irate Americans called for war with France, Adams, knowing just as Washington did - war could spell disaster, remained neutral Undeclared war - confined to the sea--raged for two and a half years, American ships captured over 80 armed French ships

USS United States USS Constitution West Indies: location where the naval war took place

USS United States USS Constitution West Indies: location where the naval war took place U. S. Frigates USS Constellation 37

Battles between French and American ships in the West Indies. The U. S. captured

Battles between French and American ships in the West Indies. The U. S. captured 85 French ships compared to one U. S. ship lost during the 2½ years of the Quasi-War with France. 38

 • Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party Talleyrand, knowing that war with the U.

• Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party Talleyrand, knowing that war with the U. S. would add another enemy to France, declared that if another envoy was sent to France, that it would be received with respect • 1800, the three American envoys were met by Napoleon, who was eager to work with the U. S. • Treaty in 1800, signed in Paris, ended the 1778 alliance in return for the Americans paying the claims of its hijacked ships • Keeping the U. S. at peace, John Adams plunged his popularity and lost his chance at a possible second term, but he did the right thing, keeping the U. S. neutral while it was still weak The Signing of the Treaty of Mortefontaine, 30 th September 1800

Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party • The Quasi-War ended in 1800 when Napoleon became

Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party • The Quasi-War ended in 1800 when Napoleon became leader of France • The U. S. and France signed an agreement known as the Treaty of 1800 • This agreement cancelled all previous treaties between France and the U. S. • Established the right of neutral ships to trade without harassment or seizure 40

Alien and Sedition Acts The Federalist Party, which controlled Congress, was nervous at the

Alien and Sedition Acts The Federalist Party, which controlled Congress, was nervous at the growing power of the Democratic-Republicans due to their appeal to the masses. The upper class members of the Federalist Party pushed through four laws in 1798 to preserve their power and weaken the Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans: 1. The Alien Enemies Act authorized the president to imprison (or deport) any alien from an enemy nation 2. The Alien Friends Act authorized the president to deport any alien considered dangerous, in both war and peacetime 3. The Naturalization Act extended the duration of residence required for aliens to become citizens, nearly tripling it from five years to 14 4. The Sedition Act made it a crime to publish "false, scandalous, and malicious writing" against the government or its officials Obviously unconstitutional, passed by the Federalist majority in Congress, upheld in court because majority of Federalists there Written to expire 1801 (prevent the use of it against themselves) 41

1798 portrayal of a fight on the floor of Congress during the debates on

1798 portrayal of a fight on the floor of Congress during the debates on the Alien and Sedition Acts between Representative Matthew Lyon of Vermont and Representative Roger Griswold of Connecticut. The fight started over an insulting reference to Lyon on Griswold's part. Griswold, armed with a cane, kicked Lyon, who grabbed the former's arm and raised a pair of fireplace tongs to strike him. Below are the verses: "He in a trice struck Lyon thrice / Upon his head, enrag'd sir, / Who seiz'd the tongs to ease his wrongs, / And Griswold thus engag'd, sir. " “Congressional Pugilists” 42

The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions • • Jeffersonians would not take these

The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions • • Jeffersonians would not take these laws lying down, Jefferson feared that the Federalists, having wiped out freedom of speech and of the press, might wipe out more Wrote - series of legislation Kentucky Resolution, James Madison wrote another series (less extreme) Virginia Resolution – Stressed “compact theory” of government - 13 states had entered into a contract regarding its jurisdiction, and the individual states were the final judges of the laws passed in Congress – States had made the federal government, the federal government makes laws, but since the states made the federal government, the states reserve the right to nullify those federal laws Alien and Sedition Act

The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions • • – Compact theory is heard

The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions • • – Compact theory is heard at this point, again in 1832 regarding the national tariff, again in the 1850 s over slavery (Civil War erupts) – Theory goes by several names, all synonymous: the “compact theory, ” “states’ rights theory, ” or “nullification” – Legislation set out to kill the Sedition and Alien Laws Federalists argued that people, not the states, had made the contract, and it was up to the Supreme Court to nullify legislation, a procedure that it adopted in 1803—Marbury v. Madison Neither Madison nor Jefferson wanted secession, but, both wanted an end to Federalist abuses

The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions • Democratic-Republicans considered the Alien and Sedition

The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions • Democratic-Republicans considered the Alien and Sedition Acts a violation of the Constitution. • Their anger increased when several Democratic. Republican newspaper editors were jailed for criticizing the president. • Jefferson and Madison led the opposition. They encouraged Kentucky and Virginia to pass legislation that could nullify the acts. • Nullification advocates believed that states had the right to cancel a federal law in their states if they disagreed with it. • Whether states had the right to nullify federal law would become a major issue later in U. S. history, especially in the secession of the Southern states that led to the Civil War. 45

Jefferson Madison 46

Jefferson Madison 46

Major areas of difference Federalists Democratic. Republicans Leaders of the party Alexander Hamilton, John

Major areas of difference Federalists Democratic. Republicans Leaders of the party Alexander Hamilton, John Adams and John Marshall Thomas Jefferson, James Madison Belief about who was most fit to run the country Rich, educated, “well-born” men of high social position (upper class) Men of talent, a meritocracy, which is a government ruled by ability (merit) rather than by wealth, race or class Strongest level of government Strong federal government Strong state governments, with limited federal power Foreign affairs Favored Britain Favored France Geographic areas of support New England South and West Main supporters Merchants, manufacturers Farmers, artisans (workers) Federal bank In favor, because Congress had power to collect taxes and would stabilize currency Against, because Constitution did not grant Congress that power, too much federal power Voting rights Must own property to vote Vote open to all adult white males 47

Federalists Versus Democratic-Republicans • The Federalists believed the few should run the country –

Federalists Versus Democratic-Republicans • The Federalists believed the few should run the country – Hamilton said only the “best people” should be in control – John Jay: ”Those who won the country ought to govern it” – Intellectual arrogance and Tory tastes – Feared the “swayability” of the untutored common folk

Federalists Versus Democratic. Republicans • Thomas Jefferson – A contradiction – An aristocrat with

Federalists Versus Democratic. Republicans • Thomas Jefferson – A contradiction – An aristocrat with sympathy for the downtrodden – “I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man” – Best government was the one that governed least

Federalists Versus Democratic. Republicans • Thomas Jefferson – Weak-voiced – Not able to deliver

Federalists Versus Democratic. Republicans • Thomas Jefferson – Weak-voiced – Not able to deliver rabble-rousing speech – Great organizer – Able to lead people— not drive them – Appealed to the middle class and under privileged— ”dirt” farmers, laborers, artisans, small shopkeepers

Federalists Versus Democratic. Republicans • Hamiltonian Federalists – Strong central government – Power to

Federalists Versus Democratic. Republicans • Hamiltonian Federalists – Strong central government – Power to crush rebellions like “Shays” – Protect the property of the wealthy – Support private enterprise—no interference

Federalists Versus Democratic. Republicans • Thomas Jefferson – Bulk of power to the states—people,

Federalists Versus Democratic. Republicans • Thomas Jefferson – Bulk of power to the states—people, in intimate contact with local affairs, could keep an eye on the public servants – Leery of a dictatorship developing – Strict interpretation of the constitution – National debt, bequeathed to later generations, should be paid off

Federalists Versus Democratic. Republicans • Thomas Jefferson – No special privileges for upper class

Federalists Versus Democratic. Republicans • Thomas Jefferson – No special privileges for upper class – Most support came from farming community – “Those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God” – Favored government by the people – Not by all the people—only literate white men who could inform themselves and wear the mantle of American citizenship worthily

Federalists Versus Democratic. Republicans • • • Jefferson had profound respect for the ability

Federalists Versus Democratic. Republicans • • • Jefferson had profound respect for the ability of the masses, in their collective wisdom, when taught Feared landless dependents would be political pawns in the hand of their landowning supervisors Tortuously reconciled slavery by offering that cheap labor would free poor farmer to learn and vote Jefferson once said that he would rather have “newspapers without government than government without newspapers Hamilton respected the British, Jefferson the French