Conservatism and Liberalism Examples of Conservatism that is
Conservatism and Liberalism Examples of Conservatism that is shaken in Europe. n We have seen the relative success of the conservative order in Europe against the forces of Liberalism n A quick Review: n
Conservatism and Liberalism The Habsburgs: Metternich is able to manage the multinational Empire without having any successful movement towards ethnic Autonomy n The German Confederation will be the way that Austria controls German states and profits from their economic primacy n
Conservatism and Liberalism Prussia: Frederick William III rescinds his promise of a movement toward Constitutionalism n He also re-establishes the power of the Junker class and they rule the Diets that he had formed n The Carlsbad Decrees are emblematic of the repression of Nationalist and Liberal thinking n
Conservatism and Liberalism Great Britain: n The Government favors the wealthy with legislation like the Corn Laws n The Peterloo Massacre leads to the Six Acts n The Six Acts rescind many rights Guaranteed by the Bill of Rights n
Conservatism and Liberalism France: n Bourbon Restoration – The Charter is an attempt to bridge the gains of the Revolution and the rising tide of Monarchism n Ultraroyalist pressure is displayed in the change in the electoral laws, the censorship of the press and the control of education by the Catholic Church n
Conservatism and Liberalism Conservatism will be institutionalized by the Congress System/Concert of Europe n The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle brings France back into the fold, and troops are withdrawn by the Big Four n Yet, even within the Congress System, there was no sense of unity n
Conservatism and Liberalism The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe n Russia: Decembrist Revolt in 1825 n Alexander I – moves away from Enlightenment ideals and suppresses Liberalism and nationalism n Russian officer, exposed to the ideals of France through Napoleons troops, develop more progressive ideals n
Conservatism and Liberalism n Secret societies within the Army begin to challenge the Tsars power Abolish Serfdom n Constitutional Monarchy n Yet, they wish retain the power of the Aristocracy n
Conservatism and Liberalism Dynastic Crisis n Alexander I Dies n He has no direct heirs n Brother Constantine marries non royal n Nicholas, younger brother, is the new Tsar Both brothers acknowledge the others, and there is a vacuum of leadership n
Conservatism and Liberalism Nicholas eventually gains the support of the Army, and takes over n A pledge of loyalty is made to the Tsar Nicholas, but the Moscow regiment, loyal to Constantine, refuse to recognize Nicolas n This is the Decembrist Revolt, and Nicholas puts it down brutally n
Conservatism and Liberalism n n n Nicholas reverts to Autocracy after the revolt, but the revolt will be one of many against the Tsar’s Nicholas is the typical conservative who recognizes the need for change but cannot let go of traditional social and economic institutions…like serfdom Secret police and censorship were also advocated
Conservatism and Liberalism Official “Russian” Nationality pressed for a unified Russia…which meant refusal of acceptance of ethnic diversity n Religious control of Schools n Enforced lack of social mobility n Only the Autonomy of the Tsars was seen as possibility of success for the people n
Conservatism and Liberalism Russia and the Repression of Poland n Russian rules Poland under the Tsar’s control n News of the Nationalist revolts in France and Belgium (1830) spur disturbances in Poland “disposes” of the Tsar as ruler of Poland n Russia represses the revolt n
Conservatism and Liberalism The French “Revolution” of 1830 n Louis Brother, and Ultraroyalist, takes the throne after Louis dies in 1824 n Charles X will be a reactionary against the gains of the revolution n As he rescinds many of the gains of the Revolution, another revolt will be caused n
Conservatism and Liberalism n n Aristocrats are to be returned land lost during the Revolution Primogeniture is restored Strengthens the Catholic Church There is a liberal resurgence in the elections of 1827, but Charles will eventually call for new elections in 1830 to get his Chamber of Deputies back on a conservative track
Conservatism and Liberalism 1830 – Elections are a victory for the liberals n Charles issues the Four Ordinances in July of 1830 – based on the Monarchical victories in North Africa n These ordinances were effectively a coup taking over the Government n
Conservatism and Liberalism n Four Ordinances: Restrict freedom of the press n Dissolves the Liberal Chamber of Deputies n Restricts the franchise to only the wealthiest n Calls for new elections to stack the govt in the monarchies favor n This is the so-called “July Revolution” n
Conservatism and Liberalism Troops are called to put down popular rebellion, and Charles X actually Abdicates and exiles himself to England n Charles might have been successful if he had proper troop placement in Paris n Yet the liberals did not want a republic and wanted to avoid the chaos of post-1792 France n
Conservatism and Liberalism n n n n Louis Philippe and the “New France” He become the King of the French The tri-color is re-established Catholicism was scaled back Censorship was abolished The King was bound to cooperate with the Chamber of Deputies Yet, it remained a very conservative Country economically
Conservatism and Liberalism Yet… n No sympathy for the working classes n No job protection or wage control n
Conservatism and Liberalism Britain the Great Reform Bill n Parliamentary elections in 1829 began a call for some manner of reform n Here we will see more cooperation between the calls for reform and those who seek to maintain the status quo n Why the accession to reform? n Why is Britain “ready” for Reform? n
Conservatism and Liberalism The Growth of the Industrial class and the commercial class meant that government would have to deal with them n Whig aristocrats had, historically been in favor of reform n Civil Liberties, violated by previous administrations, would not be tolerated forever n
Conservatism and Liberalism Catholic Emancipation Act: = Fear of an Irish Rebellion William Pitt the Younger gets the Act of Union Passed n Ireland gets 100 reps in the Parliament, (but they are Protestant only), to represent the Catholic Majority n This, of course, will engender even more Irish resistance n
Conservatism and Liberalism Irish Resistance leads to a concession to Parliamentary Representation by Irish Catholics n Robert Peel pushes Catholic Emancipation in 1828 n Yet, Wellington received much resistance from the Anglican Tories n
Conservatism and Liberalism Change through Legislation n The Great Reform Bill n Increases the size of the electorate…but… n It increases the number of voters by 200, 000 n But, property was still determining the franchise n It was not a triumph of the Middle Class n
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