Consciousness AP Psychology NCVPS Consciousness As a general

Consciousness AP Psychology NCVPS

Consciousness As a general term, consciousness means awareness of yourself and your environment, including internal and external stimuli. There is more than one type of awareness Sensory awareness – conscious or aware of things outside yourself Direct inner awareness – being aware of things inside you Sense of self – aware of ourselves and our existence

Levels of Consciousness AP Psychology NCVPS

Psychologists also refer to different levels of consciousness: Conscious mind – also referred to as waking consciousness, those things of which we are immediately aware. http: //members. shaw. ca/rgtonks/Intro. B/Personality/iceberg. jpg

Psychologists also refer to different levels of consciousness: Preconscious mind ex. Memory of a favorite toy as a child, awareness of those things we can access if needed. http: //members. shaw. ca/rgtonks/Intro. B/Personality/iceberg. jpg

Psychologists also refer to different levels of consciousness: Subconscious mind ex. Freudian slip, daydreaming, road hypnosis. http: //members. shaw. ca/rgtonks/Intro. B/Personality/iceberg. jpg

Psychologists also refer to different levels of consciousness: Subconscious mind ex. Freudian slip, daydreaming, road hypnosis. http: //members. shaw. ca/rgtonks/Intro. B/Personality/iceberg. jpg

Psychologists also refer to different levels of consciousness: Nonconscious mind ex. Breathing, digestion. Those things which our bodies do automatically, without thought. http: //members. shaw. ca/rgtonks/Intro. B/Personality/iceberg. jpg

Psychologists also refer to different levels of consciousness: Nonconscious mind ex. Breathing, digestion. Those things which our bodies do automatically, without thought. http: //members. shaw. ca/rgtonks/Intro. B/Personality/iceberg. jpg

Psychologists also refer to different levels of consciousness: Unconscious mind ex. Id, ego, superego, dreams, hypnosis. Those things which our bodies do , of which we are unaware. http: //members. shaw. ca/rgtonks/Intro. B/Personality/iceberg. jpg

Consciousness Our bodies pass through each of these levels multiple times a day.

Biological Rhythms AP Psychology NCVPS

Circadian Rhythms The daily cycle our bodies experience each day is know as the circadian rhythm. As part of our circadian rhythm, we experience varying levels of alertness over a roughly 24 hour period of time. http: //saypeople. com/2012/02/18/circadian-rhythm-has-an-important-effect-on -immunity-research/#axzz 1 vk 6 PP 1 Rd

Circadian Rhythms Your circadian rhythm influences the time you wake, eat, are most alert, and go to sleep, among many other daily activities. http: //saypeople. com/2012/02/18/circadian-rhythm-has-an-important-effect-on -immunity-research/#axzz 1 vk 6 PP 1 Rd

Ultradian rhythm We are also influenced by other biological rhythms. Ultradian rhythms are less than a day in length. • They influence urination, daydreaming, or hunger. • They also effect periods of light and deep sleep. http: //saypeople. com/2012/02/18/circadian-rhythm-has-an-important-effect-on -immunity-research/#axzz 1 vk 6 PP 1 Rd

Infradian rhythms are greater than one day. • The best example of this rhythm is the menstrual cycle, approximately 28 days in length. http: //www. care 2. com/greenliving/the-history-of-biorhythms. html

Circannual Rhythms Circannual rhythms last for about one year or more Two examples are: • Hibernation • Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) • Severe depression during the winter months • Seasonal variation in the production of melatonin http: //www. workingmansdiary. com/2011/12/huffington-posts-7 -ways-to-stay-happy. html

Sleep AP Psychology NCVPS

Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming Sleep is the most well-known biological cycle. Scientists have explored this rhythm in depth and have tried to ask the questions: How do we sleep? Why do we dream?

How Do We Sleep? Sleep (and alertness) are triggered by brain structures in the limbic system and the brainstem: Levels of the hormone melatonin are influenced by the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and the pineal gland. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Circadian_rhythm_labeled. jpg

How Do We Sleep? Sleep (and alertness) are triggered by brain structures in the limbic system and the brainstem: • The reticular formation is believed to activate higher regions of the brain, causing period of REM sleep and other periods of alertness. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Circadian_rhythm_labeled. jpg

Why Do We Sleep? One primary reason ◦ Restorative theory: recuperate from the wear and tear of the day. ◦ Sleep is needed for optimal physical and mental functioning. http: //www. crmc. org/services/sleepapnea/default. aspx

Why Do We Sleep? Another primary reason ◦ Evolutionary theory: keep us protected from the dangers of the night ◦ Sleep patterns adapt to our individual needs. http: //www. nativeremedies. com/blog/tag/sleep/

How Much Sleep? The amount of sleep needed each day varies by age and by individual. https: //new. edu/resources/sleeping-and-dreaming-revitalize-us-for-action

Sleep Deprivation Sleep deprivation cause physical, sensory and cognitive disruptions, and in animal studies, has been shown to lead to death. http: //www. magnecare. co. uk/Insomnia/html/sleep_deprivation. html

What Happens in Sleep? A person passes through varying stages of alertness, measurable by different brain wave patterns. http: //www. younggunstrading. com/2011/05/to-psychologist-sleep. html

What Happens in Sleep? Measured by an EEG (electroencephalogram), the changes in brain wave patterns reinforce scientists’ theories of changes in consciousness. http: //www. rtmagazine. com/issues/articles/2003 -06_03. asp

Non-REM Sleep http: //1800 mattressblog. com/2011/05/rem-and-we%E 2%80%99 re-not-referring-to-the 90%E 2%80%99 s-punk-alternative-band/ Stages 1 - 4 are considered N-REM (non. REM sleep)

Stage 1 Sleep http: //1800 mattressblog. com/2011/05/rem-and-we%E 2%80%99 re-not-referring-to-the 90%E 2%80%99 s-punk-alternative-band/ Breathing is slowed and brain waves become irregular. It is easy to wake the person, who will insist they are not asleep. Rarely lasts longer than 5 minutes

Stage 2 Sleep http: //1800 mattressblog. com/2011/05/rem-and-we%E 2%80%99 re-not-referring-to-the 90%E 2%80%99 s-punk-alternative-band/ Brain wave cycle slows. First time through stage 2 lasts about 20 minutes.

Stage 3 & 4 Sleep http: //1800 mattressblog. com/2011/05/rem-and-we%E 2%80%99 re-not-referring-to-the 90%E 2%80%99 s-punk-alternative-band/ Slow wave sleep First time through stage 4 is about 30 minutes Rejuvenating sleep

REM Sleep Rapid eye movement (REM Sleep) as eyes move quickly back and forth Pulse and breathing quickens Brain wave patterns are similar to waking patterns Vivid dreaming occurs in REM sleep

Paradoxical Sleep REM sleep is sometimes called paradoxical sleep ◦ One’s bodily processes are close to that of being awake ◦ However, the brainstem blocks all muscle movement (Muscle Atonia)

Sleep Cycle Basics: One cycle= ~90 minutes Awake= Beta waves/ Alert Stage 1= Alpha waves (hypnogogic hallucinations may occur) Stage 2= Theta waves (sleep spindles) Stage 3 & 4= Delta waves REM= Beta waves

Comparing REM and N-REM Sleep REM: NREM: Paralysis (acetylcholine cut off); Lack Somnambulism (sleep walking, of muscle tone (cataplexy); eyes dart talking, eating, killing, etc. ) back and forth Dreams, Nightmares Night terrors (also called incubus attacks) Pulse rate and breathing are Snoring, Sleep apnea irregular Increases with each sleep cycle Decreases with each sleep cycle REM only; REM rebound when sleep Stages 1 -4 (everything else!) deprived Beta Waves Alpha Waves Theta Waves Delta Waves Adrenaline and blood pressure goes Body temperature, blood pressure up down Narcolepsy Insomnia

Dreaming AP Psychology NCVPS

Dreaming REM Sleep is when most dreaming occurs. Everyone dreams, although almost 95% of dreams are forgotten. ◦ The quality of the dream varies vastly. http: //telling-secrets. blogspot. com/2012/01/dream-little-dream-with-me. html

Why Do We Dream? There a number of theories as to WHY we dream, but all psychologists agree that we NEED to dream. http: //telling-secrets. blogspot. com/2012/01/dream-little-dream-with-me. html

Why Do We Dream? Information-Processing Theory ◦ Research suggests REM sleep helps memory storage. ◦ Dreams serve an function by sorting and sifting through the day’s experiences http: //wwwcdn. net/ev/assets/images/vectors/afbig/open-file-cabinet-clip-art. jpg

Why Do We Dream? http: //wps. prenhall. com/wps/media/objects/803/822654/images/f 04_p 139. gif Activation. Synthesis Theory ◦ Dreams are the mind’s attempt to make sense of random neural activity in the brain as one sleeps.

Why Do We Dream? Freud’s wish-fulfilment theory ◦ Dreamers dream of repressed desires ◦ Manifest content is the literal content of the dream ◦ Latent content is the disguised meaning of the dream http: //www. freud-sigmund. com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/11/The-Interpretation-of. Dreams 1. jpg

Why Do We Dream? Cognitive Development Theory ◦ Dreams part of the maturation process ◦ Reflection of normal cognitive development http: //health. howstuffworks. com/pregnancy-andparenting/baby-health/newborndevelopment/understanding-cognitive-and-socialdevelopment-in-a-newborn-ga 1. htm

Why Do We Dream? Other theories include: ◦ Problem-solving theory Webb and Cartwright (1978) problem-solving after sleep—“sleep on it” manifest content is the real content ◦ Survival strategy theory Winson (1997) memories of new experiences are placed close together with older memories to form a strategy for survival

Sleep Disorders AP Psychology NCVPS

Sleep Disorders http: //www. provhosp. org/sleep. DI. htm Many people suffer disturbed sleep patterns periodically. Others suffer from a variety of sleep disorders that can have serious physical and psychological effects.

Insomnia Recurring problems falling asleep or staying asleep Affects about 10% of the population http: //healthewoman. org/medical-practice/services/anxiety-and-depression/ Sleeping pills tend to inhibit or suppress REM sleep; worsen the problem

Sleep Apnea Sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakening. Disrupts circadian rhythms and REM sleep http: //www. knowabouthealth. com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/12/Symptoms_of-sleep-apnea. jpg

Narcolepsy Sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks Person may lapse directly into REM sleep Also may experience sudden loss of muscular control

Somnambulism (sleepwalking) Starts in the deep stages of N-REM sleep Person may be able to talk, walk, or complete other activities Rarely has any memory of the event http: //our-health-info. blogspot. com/2009/09/sleepwalking-somnambulism. html

Night Terrors Characterized by high arousal and appearance of being terrified Happens during stage 4 sleep; mostly in children The individual seldom remembers the event. NOT a nightmare.

Night Terrors vs Nightmares http: //www. fullydomesticated. com/post/7085793855/night-terrors-vs-nightmares

Other Examples of Sleep Disorders Bruxism – teeth grinding Enuresis – bed wetting Myoclonus – sudden jerk of a body part occurring during stage 1 sleep ◦ Everyone has occasional episodes of myoclonus

Hypnosis AP Psychology NCVPS

Hypnosis The process of creating a trance-like state ◦ Some argue that it is a distinctly separate state of consciousness ◦ Different from sleeping, daydreaming, or other states ◦ Seems real to the person who experiences the state

Hypnosis Hypnotic trances include: ◦ Heightened suggestibility ◦ Dissociation ◦ Vivid imagery ◦ Enhanced memory ◦ Posthypnotic suggestibility http: //www. hypno 4 success. com/about-hypnosis/

Social Influence Theory Also known as Role Play This theory notes that a person’s physiological state does not change under hypnosis. Social factors influence people to believe hypnosis will work and act accordingly.

Divided Consciousness Theory During hypnosis, consciousness splits with one part susceptible to the hypnotic state. (Hilgard) The other part, known as the Hidden Observer, retains awareness of reality Theory advocates hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness http: //www. scribd. com/doc/38593980/Psych-Ch-3 -Ppt-2

Hypnotizability Differences in the ability of people to become hypnotized Varies from person to person Varies from situation to situation http: //www. csh. umn. edu/modules/images/hypnosis/HP 0024. jpg

Limits to Hypnotic Suggestions Hypnosis can lead people to certain behaviors, but does not cause behaviors. Hypnotic suggestions usually involve sensations, thoughts, emotions, and a wide variety of behaviors. http: //www. news. wisc. edu/10633

Psychoactive Drugs AP Psychology NCVPS

Drugs and Consciousness Psychoactive Drugs are chemical substances that affect the CNS, impacting cognition, emotion, and behavior. ◦ Can cause physical dependence or addiction § physiological need for a drug § marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms ◦ Can also cause psychological dependence § a psychological need to use a drug § for example, to relieve negative emotions

Psychoactive Drugs Scientists typically categorize psychoactive drugs into four types: § Depressants § Stimulants § Hallucinogens § Opiates

Depressants Drugs that reduce neural activity § alcohol, barbiturates § slow body functions § Give people a sense of euphoria, but can have negative effects § Slows reactions § Impairs memory § Inhibits judgment http: //www. drugfree. org/join-together/alcohol/jump-in-hospitalizations-for-drug-and -alcohol-overdoses-among-young-adults

Stimulants http: //odlarmed. com/? p=1909 Drugs that excite neural activity § caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine § speed up body functions

Stimulants Nicotine ◦ Found in tobacco leaves, structurally similar to acetylcholine ◦ Binds to nerve receptors and makes nerve cells fire more frequently. ◦ Causes the heart rate to increase ◦ Extremely addictive http: //health. howstuffworks. com/medicine/medicatio n/drug-pictures. htm

Stimulants Amphetamines § Stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions § Associated with energy and mood changes § Help people stay awake and reduce appetite § Extremely addictive http: //www. ambrosiatreatmentcenter. com/ amphetamines. php

Stimulants Cocaine § produces feeling of pleasure, reduces hunger, deadens pain, and boosts selfconfidence § effects depend on dosage, form, expectations, personality and situation http: //www. neurosoup. com/schedule 1/cocaine. htm

Stimulants http: //odlarmed. com/? p=1909 Drugs that excite neural activity § caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine § speed up body functions

http: //www. drugabuse. gov/publications/research-reports/hallucinogens-dissociative-drugs Hallucinogens Distort perceptions and induce sensory images in the absence of sensory input § Psychedelic (mindmanifesting) § LSD § MDMA (Ecstasy) § THC § PPC

Opiates Opium and its derivatives (morphine, codeine, methadone and heroin) § Serve as agonists for endorphins § Depress neural activity, lessening pain and anxiety § Elevate mood § Highly addictive

Drugs and Consciousness Tolerance § Diminishing effect with regular use § A higher dose of the drug may be required to attain the desired effect. http: //www. kyumh. org/Story_Laura. htm

Drugs and Consciousness http: //www. drug-alcohol-addictionrecovery. com/signs-symptoms. html Withdrawal § discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use § Can include headache, dehydration, sweating, among other symptoms.