CONIFERS Pines Pinus Abies Fir Pseudotsuga Douglas Fir

CONIFERS Pines (Pinus)

Abies (Fir)

Pseudotsuga (Douglas Fir)

Picea (Spruce)

Juniperus (Juniper)

Cupressus (Cypress)

Sporophyte

Primary Growth: Shoot Apex

Primary Growth: Stele

Primary Growth: Xylem Endarch Xylem Development

Xylem: Tracheids (Circular Bordered Pits) Fig. 17 -17 in Gifford and Foster 1989

Xylem: Bordered Pit Pairs Fig. 17 -17 in Gifford and Foster 1989

Phloem: Sieve Elements = Sieve Cells Fig. 3 -18 in Gifford and Foster 1989

Leaf Anatomy I

Leaves: One Vein versus Two Veins Soft Pines (Pinon Pines, Southwestern White Pine) Hard Pines (Ponderosa Pine, Chihuahua Pine)

Leaf Anatomy II

Conifer Shoot Secondary Growth

Roots

Root Primary Growth

Root Secondary Growth

Megasporogenesis: Megastrobilus (Bract, Ovuliferous Scale)

Megasporogenesis Ovule (= Integument + Megasporangum), Megasporocyte (2 n) (Bract, Ovuliferous Scale)

Putative Origin of Compound Female Cone I (Lebachia, Ernestiodendron) Fig. 17 -28 in Gifford and Foster 1989

Putative Origin of Compound Female Cone II (Pseudovoltzia, Voltzia) Fig. 17 -29 in Gifford and Foster 1989

Megasporogenesis: Meiosis, 4 Megaspores (1 n)

Megasporogenesis: Meiosis, 4 Megaspores (1 n) Integument Micropyle Megasporangium Pollen Chamber Functional Megaspore

Megagametogenesis: Free Nuclear Stage

Megagametogenesis: Cellular Stage (with Archegonia)

Megagametogenesis: Archegonia 1 -6 Archegonia / Gametophyte 1 -2 Tiers of Four Neck Cells Egg Cell Covered by Layer of Cells

Microsporogenesis (Microsporophyll, Microsporangium)

Microgametogenesis I (Inside the Microsporangium) • Prothallial Cell 1 • Prothallial Cell 2 • Generative Cell • Tube Nucleus Fig. 23 -24 in Bold et al. 1987

Microgametogenesis II (After Pollination) • Generative Cell (Ultimately, Body Cell and Stalk Cell) • Body Cell (Ultimately, Sperm Cells 1 and 2) • Stalk Cell Fig. 23 -24 in Bold et al. 1987

Fertilization Fig. 17 -37 a in Gifford and Foster 2010

Early Embryogeny Fig. 17 -37 C-G in Gifford and Foster 1989

Early Embryogeny

Embryonal Suspensors Fig. 17 -37 H-I in Gifford and Foster 1989

Cleavage Polyembryony Fig. 17 -37 J in Gifford and Foster 1989

Mature Embryo inside Seed Fig. 17 -36 in Gifford and Foster 2010

Ponderosa Pine Seeds

Pine Reproductive Cycle Fig. 17 -30 in Gifford and Foster 1989