Conflicts in Iraq Victory Parade for Operation Desert
- Slides: 22
Conflicts in Iraq Victory Parade for Operation Desert Storm Military personnel carry a huge American flag through New York City during a ticker tape victory parade for Operation Desert Storm. Image: © Joseph Sohm; Chromo. Sohm Inc. /CORBIS June 1991
Middle East Quick Quiz How much do you know about the middle east? 5 quiz questions 1) Who created most of the borders and countries of the Middle East? a. France and England b. Jordan and Syria c. Saudi Arabia d. The United Nations e. The United States 2
Middle East Quick Quiz How much do you know about the middle east? 5 quiz questions 2) What language is spoken in most of the Middle East? • Which country in the Middle East is considered most holy to Muslims? 3
Middle East Quick Quiz How much do you know about the middle east? 5 quiz questions 4) What is the most populous Islamic country in the world? a. Egypt b. Indonesia c. Iran d. Saudi Arabia 4
Middle East Quick Quiz How much do you know about the middle east? 5 quiz questions 5) Which of following is Iraq? C A 5 B D
Middle East Quick Quiz How much do you know about the middle east? 5 quiz questions Answers!! 1. A 2. Arabic 3. Saudi Arabia 4. B (196 million people) 5. C 6
Iraq Basics Where? 7
Iraq Basics Who? Ethnic Groups A. Arabs • 2/3 of Iraq B. Kurds • 1/4 of Iraq & present in Turkey, Syria, and Iran • Own language & customs and traditions • Brutally suppressed in Iraq – demands for self determination 8 Kurds
Iraq Basics: Religion A. Shiite • 3/5 of the population • Closest ally = Iran B. Sunni • 2/5 th of population • 90% of world’s Muslims • Saddam Hussein & the Baath Party = Sunni C. History of violence going back to the 7 th century = sites of martyrdom = in Iraq! 9
Iraqi History A. British Mandate • Post WWII British control & • British established the Iraqi monarchy – King Faysal had never been to Iraq! (but he had been to Oxford University) C. Military Coups 1958 – first coup – Iraqi Royal family murdered 1963 – next military coup establishes the Sunni dominated Baath Party as ruling party King Faisal I of Iraq Original caption: Death of King Faisal, King of Iraq, whose sudden death is just announced. Image: © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS Date Photographed: ca. 1930 10
The Baath Party and the rise of Saddam Hussein 1963 – 1979 Internal struggle for power within the Baath Party (Saddam Hussein slowly rises through the ranks of the military) 1972 The Arab Socialist Baath Party = signed a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union 1972 Iraq nationalizes the Iraq Petroleum Company 1979 President resigns and is replaced by Saddam Hussein, his deputy 11
Iran-Iraq War (1980 – 1988) A. Iraq’s Goals: • Remove Iran’s leaders, gain oil-land, & unite the Iraqi people and the Baaths behind Saddam B. How? • Long brutal war, including use of chemical weapons on both sides – and military support for both sides from both the US and USSR • UN creates a peace deal C. Results • Iraq left with big war debt • 1 million dead on both sides • Iran’s Shia government support for anti Saddam forces within Iraq 12
Persian Gulf War (UN action against Iraq) Why? 1. Iraq’s claimed the land of Kuwait 2. Claimed Kuwait was stealing oil from Iraq (“slant drilling”) 3. $ owed to countries Kuwait 4. Hussein thought no one would stop him 13
Persian Gulf War (UN action not just US) What happened? ? US invades w/full UN backing • US bombs Iraqi military & civilian infrastructure • We make no attempt to hold Iraqi towns or capture Saddam Hussein Destroyed Vehicles Along Kuwaiti Highway Destroyed cars and trucks line Kuwait's "Highway of Death" during the Persian Gulf War. The name was given to the stretch of road leading north out of Kuwait City which, while clogged with retreating Iraqi forces, was furiously bombed by coalition forces, killing most on it. Image: © Peter Turnley/CORBIS 14
Persian Gulf War Pictures Kuwait Oil Well Fires from Space View from the space shuttle Atlantis of black smoke billowing from burning oil wells in Kuwait, which were set ablaze by retreating Iraqi troops at the end of the Persian Gulf War. Image: Digital image © 1996 CORBIS; Original image courtesy of NASA/CORBIS 15
Persian Gulf War Pictures George Bush and Saddam Hussein on CNN Television Broadcast The faces of the US President George Bush and the leader of Iraq Saddam Hussein on a CNN television broadcast during the Gulf War, 1990. Image: © Zen Icknow/CORBIS Photographer: Zen Icknow Date Photographed: January 1990 16
Persian Gulf War (the 1 st one!) Results? UN Peace Terms: • Iraq accepts border with Kuwait, surrenders all WMDs, destroys all WMD production capability – agrees to regular inspections • Iraq can sell oil in exchange for food & medicine • Above Iraq = a no fly zone • Kurds given semi-autonomous zone in the North of Iraq 17
1991 – 2002 Between the Wars Saddam Hussein had been defeated and forced to comply with the conditions of the peace. Dangers for his rule: -Internal Party overthrow? -Sanctions = drop in economic activity and rapid increase in poverty rates? -Attempted Shia uprising in Southern Iraq -Regular strategic bombing by US air force -IAEA making regular inspections 18
1991 -2002 Between the Wars How did Saddam keep his hold on Iraq? -Used Chemical weapons against the Shiites in the South -Refused to allow IAEA inspectors into Iraq from 1998 on. (US launch a bombing campaign to destroy Iraq’s WMD program) -Propaganda campaign in defiance of the international community -Launched a military campaign against the Kurds in the North 19
Second Iraq War Bush Doctrine: Doctrine of pre-meditative war – claims that after 9/11 there is no option Why? : Bush argues Iraq is a threat because of WMDs How? First US pushes for tighter inspections, then invades claiming Hussein was not cooperating 20
March 2003 – Ultimatum and Response US and UK – after failing to get UN support for an invasion – give Saddam Hussein an ultimatum – 48 hours to fully co operate with inspectors or they will invade. 20 March – US and UK forces launch an air attack on Baghdad 9 April – Baghdad falls to American forces President Bush declares “ Mission Accomplished 21
What Challenges did the Americans face in helping to re-build Iraq? • Ethnic divisions • Political divisions • Religious divisions • Infrastructure Collapse • Government Legitimacy • Local Attitudes to the Invasion? • Economic restructuring • Foreign relations – particularly with neighbors 22
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