CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE EUROPE IN CRISIS

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS Spain’s Conflict In the 1500 s, religious and political conflicts erupted between Protestants and Catholics in many European nations. Thus leading to the religious wars of the 16 th century in Europe Spain saw itself as a nation chosen by God to save Catholicism from Protestantism (heretics), which it considered heretical. King Philip II of Spain used the powerful Spanish navy to spread and enforce Catholicism. The Netherlands and England, however successfully resisted Spanish attacks. By the end of Philip’s reign, power had shifted to England France.

Elizabeth’s public appearances were displays of wealth and magnificence, as she wore elaborate dresses and expensive jewels. Queen Elizabeth I was 54 years old and had been on the throne for almost 30 years when Britain defeated the Spanish Armada. She ruled England for more than 40 years; the Elizabethan Age. She replenished the treasury through taxes. She never married. Her mother was beheaded, Mary I (step-sister) accused her of treason and had her imprisoned Strengths: Caution – Strategic Thinking – Moderate in foreign policy QUEEN ELIZABETH I (1533 -1603) Religion: Protestantism

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS Spain and England in the Sixteenth Century Politic: Spain Hapsburg kings Charles V and Phillip II rule with absolute power Championed Catholicism in Europe Phillip increase his empire by marrying Mary I of England Spanish kings have difficulties controlling their large, far flung empire.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS Spain and England in the Sixteenth Century Politic: England Kings could pass royal decrees – Parliament passed the laws King Henry VIII splits form the Roman Catholic Church and adopts Protestantism Mary I returns England to Catholicism Elizabeth I makes England Protestant, never marries, shifts alliances in Europe to ensure no one becomes too powerful.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS Spain and England in the Sixteenth Century Economics: Spain Phillip II Inherits a large debt – lowers interest rates on government loans Imposes high taxes on the Netherlands, thus: The Eighty Year’s War Cost of Wars and royal court bankrupt Spain.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS Spain and England in the Sixteenth Century Economics: England Henry VIII Currency losses value – Inflation English Pirates disrupts Spanish Trade and commerce Economic Depression in 1590 s.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS Spain and England in the Sixteenth Century Society: Spain Becomes more Catholic Population grows Social Tensions increase.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS Spain and England in the Sixteenth Century Society: England Mary I Protestant revolt occurs Heretics are executed Elizabeth I Repeals Catholic laws – Protestant returns Schools and Universities increase.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS Spain and England in the Sixteenth Century Society: Spain Defeats the Muslims – Fight the Ottoman Turks for Mediterranean coast; halting their expansion Long war with the Netherlands Spanish Armada falls to England.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS Spain and England in the Sixteenth Century Society: England Navy builds faster ships with guns Defeats the Spanish Armada.

VOYAGE OF THE SPANISH ARMADA

VOYAGE OF THE SPANISH ARMADA

VOYAGE OF THE SPANISH ARMADA

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS The French Wars of Religion The French civil wars were the most devastating religious conflicts of the sixteenth century. Huguenots were French Protestants and a powerful political threat to the French monarchy. The Huguenots battled the Catholics for 30 years, until Henry IV took the throne. The Edict of Nantes resolved France’s religious problems by proposing a compromise.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS The French Wars of Religion Excerpt from the Edict of Nantes “And in order to leave no occasion for troubles or differences between our subjects, we have permitted, and herewith permit, those of the said religion called Reformed to live and abide in all the cities and places of this our kingdom and countries of our sway, without being annoyed, molested, or compelled to do anything in the matter of religion contrary to their consciences. ” —Edict of Nantes (1598).

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS Crisis in Europe Famine, war, and disease created social tensions in the sixteenth-century European economies began to decline. An intense hysteria over the fear of witchcraft led to trials and torture of the accused.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS The Witch Trials Hunt for Witches in Europe Witchcraft became a religious and political concern during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Religious zeal that led to the Inquisition and the hunt for heretics was extended to the concern of witchcraft. Hysteria led to many people being charged with witchcraft. - More than 75 percent of the accused were women. Witchcraft hysteria had begun to diminish by 1650.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS The Thirty Years’ War Religion, as well as political and territorial motives, played roles in the outbreak of the Thirty Years’ War. The war began between the Catholic Holy Roman Empire and Protestant Bohemia. Later, Denmark, Sweden, France, and Spain joined the war for political reasons. The Peace of Wesphalia ended the war in 1648 and dissolved the Holy Roman Empire. Additionally, it established the concept of national sovereignty Regarded by many scholars as the rise of the modern state system in Europe

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS Lesson 1 – Guided Reading A. 1. King Philip II of Spain A. 2. The defeat of the Spanish Armada B. 1. The French Wars of Religion lasted from 1562– 1598 B. 2. Henry converted to Catholicism and issued the Edict of Nantes Recognized Catholicism as the official religion and awarded the Huguenots the right to worship and full political privileges.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS Lesson 1 – Guided Reading C. 1. Rapid increase in prices. C. 2. The religious zeal that led to the Inquisition and the hunt for heretics combined to fuel hysteria regarding witchcraft. D. 1. Germany (over political, religious and territorial motives). D. 2. The Peace of Westphalia, 1648.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS What do you Recall? What were causes of the Thirty Years’ War? Disputes about Religion – Politics – Territory Who did France fight against and why did they fight against them in the Thirty Years’ War? Holy Roman Empire and Spain Political Leadership in Europe

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – WAR AND REVOLUTIONS IN ENGLAND Revolutions in England In the seventeenth century, conflict arose over what role the king and Parliament should each play in governing England. The Stuart line of rulers believed in the divine right of kings and alienated the Puritan population of England, which led to war.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – WAR AND REVOLUTIONS IN ENGLAND Petition of Right and English Bill of Rights The Petition of Right and the English Bill of Rights were among the most influential documents produced during the seventeenth century. Both documents helped establish the idea that citizens had power, both collectively (against a king) and individually (against any government). The Bill of Rights was an important step in creating a limited monarchy and giving new power to Parliament. Let’s look at the few items of the two documents and compare.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – WAR AND REVOLUTIONS IN ENGLAND Comparison of Documents Petition of Right vs. English Bill of Rights When: 1628 And 1689 Who wrote: Parliament Purposes: Demands against Charles I Set up new way of governing after the removal of James II

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – WAR AND REVOLUTIONS IN ENGLAND Comparison of Documents Main Points: Petition of Right: No taxation without consent of Parliament No imprisonment without cause No one may be forced to house soldiers No martial law in peacetime

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – WAR AND REVOLUTIONS IN ENGLAND Civil War and Commonwealth (overview) Charles I was defeated in the English Civil War. Charles I was executed. The monarchy and the House of Lords were abolished by the Rump Parliament. At the request of Oliver Cromwell, England was declared a commonwealth and established a military dictatorship.

Charles I, the heir of James I, assumed the throne of England upon his father’s death in 1625. Charles I constantly quarreled with Parliament. He believed in his divine right to rule. He dissolved Parliament three times when its members questioned his policies or refused to grant him government funds. He ultimately chose not to call a Parliament for eleven years. Additionally, he was at odds with the Puritans in Parliament. Tensions eventually developed into the English Civil War between Charles’s (Cavaliers) Royalist supporters and their Puritan (Roundheads) opponents.

Cromwell aligned himself with radical Puritans in the government. He was elected to Parliament in 1640. He became a visible critic of the Church of England its ties to Charles I. As England veered toward civil war, Cromwell emerged as a capable leader. He played a key role in organizing the New Model Army. After a Parliamentary victory in the English Civil War, Charles I was executed. England was declared a commonwealth, with Cromwell in charge. Made radical changes in Parliament. Monarch and House of Lords are abolished Leading to: Cromwell taking over Parliament and establishing a dictatorship Cromwell died of malaria in 1658. The unstable government he left behind set in motion the restoration of the Stuart monarchy, know as the Restoration period.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – WAR AND REVOLUTIONS IN ENGLAND Restoration Monarchy was reestablished in England. - The Stuart line was restored, with Charles II, the son of Charles I, becoming king. Parliament retained much of its power. Parliament and the king had disagreements involving Catholicism. - Charles II tried to suspend some of Parliament’s laws involving religion but was forced by Parliament to back down. - Parliament passed a law that allowed only Church of England members to hold government and military office.

James II of England was the younger son of Charles I. Returns to England to aid his brother, King Charles II, upon the restoration of the monarchy. James’s conversion to Catholicism raised paranoia among the public, as he was heir to his childless brother. When Charles passed away in 1685, James became king. He and his wife had a son in 1688, escalating fears that England would face a long line of Catholic leaders. James had allowed his daughter Mary to be raised in the Protestant faith, and she had married William of Orange, a prince of the Netherlands.

English Parliament wished to oust James II, a Catholic, in 1688, they asked for William’s help. With Mary’s blessing, William and his troops approached London. James fled without a fight in what was termed the “Glorious Revolution. ” Unique: ruled England together. William of Orange was a prince in the Netherlands. Mary was the niece of Charles II of England daughter of England’s King James II. William and Mary were married in 1677 and settled in the Netherlands. William III and Mary II Though Parliament suggested that Mary rule England by herself, she wished to co-rule with her husband. William and Mary agreed to a Bill of Rights.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – WAR AND REVOLUTIONS IN ENGLAND The Glorious Revolution Who led the revolution and why? The Dutch leader William of Orange was the husband of Mary, daughter of King James II of England. English nobles invited William to invade England; informing him that most of the kingdom's people wanted a change, and take control of the government from James, because James was Catholic and his Catholic son would inherit the throne. William’s army arrived in England in 1688; many English soldiers desert to William's side, and James fled to France.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – WAR AND REVOLUTIONS IN ENGLAND The Glorious Revolution Why was it called a “Glorious Revolution”? Little blood was shed during William's invasion of England. 1689 Parliament offered the throne to William and Mary A Bill of Rights was enacted. - This laid the foundation for constitutional monarchy.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – WAR AND REVOLUTIONS IN ENGLAND Comparison of Documents Main Points: English Bill of Rights Established the Constitutional Monarch Parliament has supreme authority, which means that the king must obey the laws and decisions of Parliament Cruel and unusual punishments are banned Elections of members of Parliament should be free People have the right to a jury

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – WAR AND REVOLUTIONS IN ENGLAND Legal and Political Thought William Blackstone, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke contributed important ideas about politics that had a lasting impact on governments. These philosophers considered the purpose and responsibility of government and the natural rights of humans. Thomas Hobbes believed people were guided by basic survival instincts John Locke arguments supported demands for a constitutional government These important considerations can be found in the American Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution.

Thomas Hobbes, born in England, was a philosopher and political theorist. Much of Hobbes’s thinking was about government. Hobbes thought that society needed a powerful ruler to make people do what was right. Citizens should give up some of their freedom to the leader. In exchange, the leader should provide order and protection from enemies. Exchanges like this are sometimes called the social contract. Hobbes is best remembered for his work Leviathan, in which he used this social-contract theory to justify the absolute power of a sovereign. Human life is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. ” The state is needed to keep people from destroying each other. An absolute ruler is needed to preserve the social order. Interested in the natural world - science could explain the workings of the universe, even the way people behaved.

John Locke grew up during a period with many new ideas; such as René Descartes and Francis Bacon, as well as works by ancient philosophers such as Aristotle which helped Locke develop his own philosophy. He believed in the power of reason and argued that no one had the right take anyone else’s life, liberty, or property (natural rights). He trusted that people could govern themselves. He thought that power in England should belong to both the king and elected representatives; mutual responsibilities - absolute rule by one person is to be avoided. People have the right to alter or remove a government that betrays their rights. Locke wrote about education, religion, and language He is best known for Two Treatises of Government. His ideas influenced the Declaration of Independence and the U. S. Constitution.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – WAR AND REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND Lesson 2 – Guided Reading A. 1. Tudor, Stuart A. 2. Petition of Right, ignored A. 3. Roundheads, Cavaliers A. 4. dictatorship A. 5. Restoration

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – WAR AND REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND Lesson 2 – Guided Reading B. 1. William of Orange B. 2. Bill of Rights, law B. 3. divine-right, Parliament C. 1. Thomas Hobbes, order C. 2. John Locke, natural rights C. 3. democracy

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS What do you Recall? Why did William Orange invade England? English nobles invited him What allowed Oliver Cromwell to take control of England? His New Model Army What did this allow Cromwell to do? Set up a military dictatorship When was the foundation of the constitutional monarch established? The “Glorious Revolution”

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS What do you Recall? What was a view of Thomas Hobbes about humans? Guided by basic survival instincts What American document utilized the philosophies of John Locke? Declaration of Independence and U. S. Constitution John Locke’s philosophy was used to support, what? Demands for a constitutional government

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS What do you Recall? What were causes of the Thirty Years’ War? Disputes about Religion – Politics – Territory Who did France fight against and why did they fight against them in the Thirty Years’ War? Holy Roman Empire and Spain Political Leadership in Europe

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM European Culture After the Renaissance Intro: The Enlightenment and Revolutions

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE France Under Louis XIV In the seventeenth century, France became the best example of an absolute monarchy. Absolutism, which gave total power to the ruler, arose from a need for stability amid the crises of the century. - Not challenged by any other agency - Believes - Controls they have a divine right the Church and Feudal Lords In France, Louis XIV had complete control over foreign policy, laws, taxes, and religion.

Louis XIV, also known as Louis the Great and the Sun King, was king of France during the classical age and remains a symbol of absolute monarchy. Louis succeeded his father as king in 1643. As a young ruler, Louis was strongly influenced by Cardinal Jules Mazarin. During his reign, he expanded his kingdom through four wars, diminished the role of the nobility, and surrounded himself with artists and writers. He ordered the construction of many extravagant palaces, including his own costly palace, Versailles.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE France Under Louis XIV Wars Kept firm control of foreign policy - Removed nobles and princes from royal council Subsidized industry and promoted trade to build France’s wealth and power Developed a strong standing army

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE France Under Louis XIV Wars An attempt to dominate Europe and increase France’s territory - War of Devolution, 1667– 1668 - Dutch War, 1672– 1678 - War of the League of Augsburg, 1688– 1697 - War of the Spanish Succession, 1702– 1713

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE The Spread of Absolutism Prussia and Austria followed France and adopted the practice of absolutism, emerging as great European powers. The military played an important role in maintaining the power of the monarchs. The Austrian Empire was a collection of territories held together by the rule of the Hapsburgs.

Frederick William (1620 -1688) Frederick William grew up during the Thirty Years’ War and was educated in the Calvinist faith. However, he soon began organizing his own military force, which became the core of the eighteenth-century Prussian army. Later policies, such as removing control of taxation from the estates, laid the groundwork for the future Prussian monarchy, in which his son would become King Frederick I.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE The Spread of Absolutism Prussia How did Frederick William the Great Elector lay the foundation for a Prussian state? - Built a large and efficient standing army - Set up the General War Commissariat to levy taxes - Later used the Commissariat as an instrument to govern the state

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE The Spread of Absolutism Austria How did the Austrian Hapsburgs build an empire in eastern Europe after failing to build a German empire? - Thirty Years’ War dashed hopes of creating a German empire. - Defeat of Turks at Vienna in 1683 resulted in gain of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE Peter the Great The Romanov dynasty ruled in Russia from 1613 until 1917. The Romanovs imposed an absolute monarchy. Peter the Great, one of the most prominent members of the Romanov dynasty, became czar in 1689. Peter the Great modernized Russia by introducing Western manners, clothing, technology, and military organization.

Peter the Great was a Russian czar and one of Russia's greatest statesmen and reformers. Made several reforms in the local and central governments, schools, and churches. Peter was the first Russian ruler to sponsor secular, state-regulated education. How did Peter the Great build Russia into a powerful state? Ruled as absolutist monarch Westernized (manners and customs) Russia - Brought in European Technology Increased military power - Created Russian navy PETER THE GREAT (1672– 1725) - Built large standing army Divided Russia into provinces

WESTERNIZATION OF RUSSIA BY PETER THE GREAT Peter the Great (1672 -1725), czar of Russia, was one of his country, greatest statesmen, organizers, and reformers. He met people from other nations and became interested in military matters. When Peter took control of the throne, Russia was not progressing like other European countries. During his reign, he succeeded in westernizing Russian technology, commerce, culture, administration, and industry.

WESTERNIZATION OF RUSSIA BY PETER THE GREAT Peter I, the Great, Czar of Russia, cutting a Boyar's (Nobleman's) Beard In an attempt to modernize the appearance of Russians, Peter the Great imposed a tax on beards and decreed that Western dress should be worn. Peter personally cut off the beards of his boyars, along with the skirts of their long coats. Only the clergy and peasants were exempt from this tax. This hand-colored woodcut, produced In Russia around 1705, shows an old-fashioned man who does not want the barber to cut off his beard.

WESTERNIZATION OF RUSSIA BY PETER THE GREAT Peter the Great's Naval Preparations Peter's foreign policy goal was to give Russia access to the sea. He accomplished this with the Azov campaigns from 1695 to 1696. In 1696, with the help of Dutch and Venetian shipwrights, Peter began building a large navy. He sent young nobles abroad to study nautical matters, and spent four months working in a at pyord himself. This engraving, made around 1700, was printed Diarium Miner's in Moscovium by Johann Georg Korb.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE Lesson 3 – Guided Reading I. A. absolutism I. B. Richelieu Mazarin I. C. Versailles I. D. army enemies

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE Lesson 3 – Guided Reading II. A. German II. B. Frederick William Commissariat II. C. Hapsburg Austrian II. D. Hungary

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE Lesson 3 – Guided Reading III. A. Ivan modernization III. B. Western (European Technology) III. C. provinces III. D. St. Petersburg capital

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS What do you Recall? Under Louis XIV, France was a(n) Absolute Monarch What gave Louis XIV absolute power? Control over lawmaking Ability to wage wars His Army

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS What do you Recall? How did Louis XIV achieve his goals? Waged Wars How did Peter the Great improve Russia? Use of European Technology What did Peter the Great do for Russia? Introduction of Western manners and customs

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS What do you Recall? Why did William Orange invade England? English nobles invited him What allowed Oliver Cromwell to take control of England? His New Model Army What did this allow Cromwell to do? Set up a military dictatorship When was the foundation of the constitutional monarch established? The “Glorious Revolution”

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS What do you Recall? What was a view of Thomas Hobbes about humans? Guided by basic survival instincts What American document utilized the philosophies of John Locke? Declaration of Independence and U. S. Constitution John Locke’s philosophy was used to support, what? Demands for a constitutional government

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS What do you Recall? What were causes of the Thirty Years’ War? Disputes about Religion – Politics – Territory Who did France fight against and why did they fight against them in the Thirty Years’ War? Holy Roman Empire and Spain Political Leadership in Europe

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPEAN CULTURE AFTER THE RENAISSANCE Art After the Renaissance (overview) Art and music of the seventeenth century reflected the religious and political conflicts of the time. Mannerism reflected the anxiety and uncertainty of the period. The baroque movement brought together the classical ideals of the Renaissance and religious revival.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPEAN CULTURE AFTER THE RENAISSANCE Mannerism reflected the anxiety and uncertainty of the period. Art: Deliberately breaking down the High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation. The rules of proportion were deliberately ignored as elongated figures were used to show suffering, heightened emotions, and religious ecstasy. Leading to: El Greco’s Paintings

Born Doménikos Theotokópoulos. In 1567 moved from Greece to what is now Italy and became known as El Greco, “the Greek. ” Studied painting under the Renaissance artist Titian. In Venice, he painted in the Venetian Renaissance style such paintings as Christ Healing the Blind. 1577, he had moved to Spain and begun working in the Mannerist style. Mannerism rejected the Renaissance idea that paintings should be balanced and realistic. PETER THE GREAT (1672– 1725) El Greco painted elongated human figures and shortened or compressed spaces. Adoration of the Shepherds, has distorted human bodies, strange shapes, and brilliant colors.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPEAN CULTURE AFTER THE RENAISSANCE Baroque Art The baroque movement brought together the classical ideals of the Renaissance and religious revival. Art in the baroque style often reflects religious tension typical of the mid-sixteenth century. Characteristics of baroque art include tension and dramatic movement, deep, vibrant colors, intense shading known as chiaroscuro, and intense, often violent, emotion.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPEAN CULTURE AFTER THE RENAISSANCE Golden Age of Literature (overview) The Golden Age of Literature occurred between 1580 and 1640. In England, William Shakespeare emerged as an important and popular playwright. The writer Cervantes and the playwright Lope de Vega became important figures in Spanish literature. The theater’s affordability and accessibility and the wide appeal of the plays made theater popular in England, Spain, and the Spanish Empire.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPEAN CULTURE AFTER THE RENAISSANCE England’s Shakespeare What is the period in the late 16 th and early 17 th centuries referred to as in England? Elizabethan Era What expressed the energy of the era? Drama In England, William Shakespeare emerged as an important and popular playwright.

THEATER – THE SHAKESPEAREAN AGE The Globe, a circular, unroofed structure holding 3, 000 people, to the Blackfriars, a roofed structure that held only 500.

THEATER – THE SHAKESPEAREAN AGE William Shakespeare was a “complete man of theater. ” Playwright – Actor – Shareholder Shakespeare drew upon stories and dramas that he knew to create lively new theatrical works of his own. Shakespeare’s language included invented words and plays on words. His histories, tragedies, comedies and romances depicted the human condition in personal as well as social and historical terms.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPEAN CULTURE AFTER THE RENAISSANCE Golden Age of Literature Miguel de Cervantes’s Don Quixote The two main characters represent the dual nature of the Spanish character. - Don Quixote is an idealist who pretends to be a knight. - Sancho Panza is a realist who travels along with Don Quixote and helps him. Each character comes to see the value of the other’s perspective; both visionary dreams and the hard work of reality are essential parts of human existence.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPEAN CULTURE AFTER THE RENAISSANCE Lesson 4 – Guided Reading I. A. Mannerism brought the artistic Renaissance to an end. I. B. El Greco ignored the Renaissance principles of proportion, harmony, and moderation by creating elongated figures, unusual and eerie colors, and emotional tension in his paintings. I. C. The baroque style of art (reflected both religious and Renaissance ideals) was known for its use of techniques to heighten emotion Bernini, Caravaggio, Gentileschi, and Rubens. I. D. They wanted others to be in awe of their power. I. E. Handel and Bach Music evokes the drama and energy of baroque art and architecture.

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPEAN CULTURE AFTER THE RENAISSANCE Lesson 4 – Guided Reading II. A. Occurred between 1580 and 1640, especially in theatre writing. II. B. Variety in content, prices, and venues; reflected the full range of social classes and interests. II. C. Displayed a masterful command of the English language, keen insight into human psychology, and remarkable understanding of people from all ranks of life. II. D. Miguel de Cervantes’s The idealistic knight Don Quixote and his realistic squire Sancho Panza. Celebrates the need for both dreams and hard work. II. E. Lope de Vega set the standard for Spanish playwrights

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS What do you Recall? Explain the art of Baroque: Reflection of both religious and Renaissance ideals Theatre Writing experience what between 1500 and 1640? A Golden Age What does William Shakespeare's works show? A keen insight into human nature

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS What do you Recall? Under Louis XIV, France was a(n) Absolute Monarch What gave Louis XIV absolute power? Control over lawmaking Ability to wage wars His Army

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS What do you Recall? How did Louis XIV achieve his goals? Waged Wars How did Peter the Great improve Russia? Use of European Technology What did Peter the Great do for Russia? Introduction of Western manners and customs

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS What do you Recall? Why did William Orange invade England? English nobles invited him What allowed Oliver Cromwell to take control of England? His New Model Army What did this allow Cromwell to do? Set up a military dictatorship When was the foundation of the constitutional monarch established? The “Glorious Revolution”

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS What do you Recall? What was a view of Thomas Hobbes about humans? Guided by basic survival instincts What American document utilized the philosophies of John Locke? Declaration of Independence and U. S. Constitution John Locke’s philosophy was used to support, what? Demands for a constitutional government

CONFLICT AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE – EUROPE IN CRISIS What do you Recall? What were causes of the Thirty Years’ War? Disputes about Religion – Politics – Territory Who did France fight against and why did they fight against them in the Thirty Years’ War? Holy Roman Empire and Spain Political Leadership in Europe