CONFINED SPACE OPERATIONS CORPORATE SAFETY TRAINING 29 CFR

CONFINED SPACE OPERATIONS CORPORATE SAFETY TRAINING 29 CFR 1910. 146 WELCOME

COURSE OBJECTIVES þ Establish Confined Space’s Role in Today’s Industry. þ Discuss OSHA’S requirements for Confined Spaces. þ Discuss Principle Hazards involved with CS Entry. þ Discuss Basic Skills in Hazard Recognition & Control. þ Discuss Confined Space Assessment Techniques. þ Discuss Confined Space Fall Protection Systems. þ Discuss Hazards Associated with Fall Protection. þ Discuss Rescue and Retrieval Requirements.

BASIS FOR THIS COURSE þ 1. 6 Million Workers Enter Confined Spaces Annually. þ The Standard is Expected to Reduce Accidents by 85%. þ Untrained Rescuers Account for 60% of Annual Deaths. þ Most workers who survive lose time from their job. þ This training helps improve: ü ü Safety Morale Productivity Employee well-being

FORWARD The key to horizontal entries into complex confined spaces is extraordinary preplanning, preparation, equipping and practice. Actual removals using volunteers or dummies to get the feel of real life victim handling is essential. Plan for all eventualities that could conceivably occur. Failing to plan means planning to fail. Billy N. Ring, Fire Captain Dayton Regional HAZMAT Coordinator 27 Years Experience

APPLICABLE REGULATIONS 29 CFR - SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS 1910 - INDUSTRIAL SAFETY 146 - CONFINED SPACE STANDARD DANGER JP 4 CONFINED SPACE PERMIT REQUIRED

COMPLIANCE TIMETABLE 29 CFR 1910. 146 þ JAN 14, 1993 - ENACTED þ APR 15, 1993 - FINAL RULE TOOK EFFECT DANGER CONFINED SPACE PERMIT REQUIRED

APPLICABLE REGULATIONS CONTENTS OF 29 CFR 1910. 146: þ þ þ a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. Scope and Application - practices and procedures Definitions General Requirements Permit-Required Confined Space Program Permit System Entry Permit Training Requirements Duties of Authorized Entrants Duties of Attendants Duties of Entry Supervisors Rescue and Emergency Services

APPLICABLE REGULATIONS APPENDICES TO 29 CFR 1910. 146: Appendix A - Permit-Required Confined Space Decision Flow Chart Appendix B - Procedures for Atmospheric Testing Appendix C - Examples of Permit-Required Confined Space Programs Appendix D - Confined Space Entry Permit (Non-mandatory) Appendix E - Sewer System Entry (Non-mandatory)

APPLICABLE REGULATIONS ANSI - Z 359. 1 - 1992 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR PERSONAL FALL ARREST SYSTEMS, SUBSYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS ANSI - A 10. 14 - 1991 REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFETY BELTS, LANYARDS AND LIFELINES FOR CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION USE

GENERAL PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS ALL EMPLOYERS MUST: þ INSTITUTE SAFE WORK PRACTICES þ REVIEW JOB SPECIFIC CS HAZARDS þ CONDUCT CS HAZARD ASSESSMENTS þ POST DANGER SIGNS NEAR CONFINED SPACES þ CERTIFY THAT ASSESSMENTS HAVE BEEN DONE þ PROVIDE TRAINING TO ALL REQUIRED EMPLOYEES þ COORDINATE CS OPERATIONS WITH CONTRACTORS þ INSTALL ENGINEERING CONTROLS WHERE POSSIBLE þ INSTITUTE ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS WHERE POSSIBLE þ CONTROL HAZARDS USING PPE AS A LAST RESORT

TRAINING REQUIREMENTS THE EMPLOYER MUST PROVIDE TRAINING: þ CS ENTRY REQUIREMENTS. þ RECOGNITION OF CS HAZARDS. þ THE LIMITATIONS OF CS EQUIPMENT. þ THE PROPER USE OF CS EQUIPMENT. þ WHEN CS EQUIPMENT IS NECESSARY. þ WHAT CS EQUIPMENT IS NECESSARY. þ CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF CS PPE. þ TRAINING MUST ESTABLISH PROFICIENCY. þ TRAIN ALL EMPLOYEES PRIOR TO JOB ASSIGNMENT.

RETRAINING REQUIREMENTS REQUIRED WHEN THERE IS A: þ CLOSE-CALL EVENT þ PROGRAM RELATED INJURY þ CHANGE IN JOB ASSIGNMENT þ NEW CS HAZARD OR EQUIPMENT þ NEW CS HAZARD CONTROL METHODS þ FAILURE IN THE CS SAFETY PROCEDURES þ REASON TO DOUBT EMPLOYEE PROFICIENCY

CONFINED SPACE TRAINING IS IMPORTANT A GOOD PROGRAM WILL HELP: þ Reduce fatalities. þ Reduce injury and illness rates. þ Acceptance of high-turnover jobs. þ Workers feel better about their work. þ Reduce workers’ compensation costs. þ Elevate OSHA compliance to a higher level of awareness.

PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION OF A CONFINED SPACE PROTECTION PROGRAM REQUIRES: þ DEDICATION þ PERSONAL INTEREST þ MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT NOTE: UNDERSTANDING AND SUPPORT FROM THE WORK FORCE IS ESSENTIAL, WITHOUT IT THE PROGRAM WILL FAIL!

PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION Continued DEVELOPMENT SEQUENCE: þ þ þ þ þ Establish responsibility Establish policy and develop rules Conduct a confined space hazard analysis of the facility Determine appropriate confined space hazard control measures Eliminate confined spaces where possible Provide protection where hazard elimination is not possible Conduct training Perform inspections and maintenance Periodically audit the program Modify policies and rules as appropriate

PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION Continued DEVELOPMENT SEQUENCE: þ The initial goal should be to reduce or eliminate confined space hazards by: 1. Elimination or substitution of equipment having confined spaces 2. Implementing engineering controls 3. Providing adequate Warnings to employees 4. Training and procedures 5. Personal protective equipment

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY þ RECOGNITION þ EVALUATION þ CONTROL

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY þ RECOGNITION ASSESSMENT OF CONFINED SPACE HAZARDS: ü Jobs/areas requiring confined space entries. ü Jobs/areas having a high CS “close-call” incidence. ü Jobs/areas having had recent operational changes. ü Jobs/areas with new equipment or processes. ü New jobs having little or no statistical injury data.

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY Continued þ EVALUATION ü An identification of the nature and location of confined space hazards. þ CONTROL ü The introduction of measures designed to eliminate or reduce confined space hazards. ü Follow-up at predetermined intervals to determine if hazard control measures are effective.

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY Continued þ CONTROL MEASURES CONSIDERATIONS: ü ü ü Capital improvement plan to eliminated spaces. Costs involved in implementing control measures. Length of time necessary for implementation. Level of urgency in implementation. Compatibility with existing controls. Anticipated problems with employee use.

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY Continued þ PRIORITIZATION CONSIDERATIONS: ü ü ü Consequences of an injury at the worksite. Severity of injuries as a result of a CS entry. Likelihood that the operation will have an injury. The length exposure to the confined space hazard. Procedures necessary for retrieval or rescue.

KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS INCLUDE: þ TRAINING þ WRITTEN PROGRAM þ SAFETY COMMITTEE þ PERMIT USAGE AND ANNUAL REVIEW þ CONFINED SPACE HAZARD ASSESSMENTS þ CONFINED SPACE HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL

KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS (Continued) þ TRAINING ü JOB-SPECIFIC HAZARD TRAINING ü TRAINING FOR FACILITY ENGINEERS ü ANNUAL AWARENESS TRAINING ü TRAINING FOR: - Affected employees - Managers - Supervisors - Maintenance personnel

KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS (Continued) þ CONFINED SPACE ASSESSMENTS ü SYSTEMATIC SITE ANALYSIS ü DEPARTMENTAL SURVEYS ü JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS (Continued) þ SAFETY COMMITTEE ü ü WRITTEN PROGRAM EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT TOP MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT REGULAR PROGRAM REVIEW AND EVALUATION

KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS (Continued) þ CS HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL ü ü ENGINEERING CONTROLS ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS OPTIMIZATION OF WORK PRACTICES CONFINED SPACE PPE REDUCTION JP 4 DANGER CONFINED SPACE PERMIT REQUIRED

THE SUPERVISOR’S ROLE þ CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING: 1. DO (OR GET INVOLVED IN) THE CS HAZARD ASSESSMENTS. 2. OBTAIN ASSISTANCE (IF NEEDED) FROM EXPERTS IN THE FIELD OF CONCERN. 3. COMPLETE THE PAPERWORK (WORK ORDERS, POLICY CHANGES, ETC. ) TO MAKE CORRECTIVE ACTIONS. 4. ATTEND THE SAME TRAINING AS YOUR WORKERS. 5. FOLLOW-UP ON THE ACTIONS YOU TOOK.

WRITTEN PROGRAM þ WRITTEN PROGRAMS MUST BE: ü DEVELOPED ü IMPLEMENTED ü CONTROLLED ü PERIODICALLY REVIEWED

SAFETY COMMITTEES SHOULD: þ þ Document meetings. Include CS hazard topics during regular meetings. Encourage employee involvement in the process. Employee complaints, suggestions, or concerns can be brought to the attention of management. þ Analyze statistical data concerning Confined Space hazards, and make recommendations to management for corrective action. þ Follow-up is critical.

SAFETYContinued COMMITTEES SHOULD: þ Consider safety posters, brochures etc. þ Consider implementation of a suggestion program. þ Consider incentive programs.

PROGRAM REVIEW & EVALUATION TECHNIQUES INCLUDE: þ þ þ Confined Space hazard assessments. Job hazard analysis assessments. Employee surveys. Review of results of facility evaluations. Analysis of trends in confined space injury rates. Up-to-date records of logs of confined space hazard improvements tried or implemented. þ Before and after surveys/evaluations of job/worksite confined space protection changes.

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CONTROLS ENGINEERING CONTROLS CS Elimination Process Modification Equipment Modification Automatic Monitoring Systems ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training Programs Facility Signage FIRST CHOICE SECOND CHOICE Job Rotation/Enlargement Policy and Procedures PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT LAST CHOICE Body Harnesses/Belts Atmospheric Monitors Head Protection Respiratory Equipment

WORKSITE ANALYSIS þ WORKSITE ANALYSIS IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR MAIN PARTS: 1. Gathering information from available sources. 2. Conducting baseline screening surveys to determine which equipment, areas or jobs need a closer analysis. 3. Performing confined space assessments and job hazard analyses to identify hazards. 4. After implementing control measures, conducting periodic surveys and follow-up to evaluate changes.

CONFINED SPACE OPERATIONS SCENARIOS WORK INVOLVING: þ þ þ þ þ Pits Silos Tanks Vaults Hoppers Storage Bins Chemical Tanks Reactor Vessels Railroad Tank Cars Machinery Enclosures

CONFINED SPACE DEATHS MOST DEATHS OCCUR BECAUSE: þ Employees are unaware of the potential hazard. þ Employees are uneducated of the potential hazard. þ Employees are poorly equipped to manage the resulting situation. NO PROBLEM I CAN WELD ANYTHING! JP 4

CONFINED Continued SPACE DEATHS MOST DEATHS OCCUR BY: þ Asphyxiation due to hazardous atmospheres. HELP! I FEEL DIZZY!!! JP 4

CONFINED Continued SPACE DEATHS OXYGEN CONTENT (% BY VOLUME) 19. 5% 15 -19. 5% 12 -14. 9% 10 -11. 9% 8 -9. 9% 6 -7. 9% 4 -5. 9% EFFECTS AND SYMPTOMS Minimum permissible oxygen level. Decreased ability to work strenuously. May impair coordination. Respiration increases, judgment affected Lips begin to turn blue. Mental failure, nausea and vomiting. 8 Minutes, 100% fatal 6 Minutes, 50% fatal 4 Minutes, recovery with treatment Coma in 40 seconds then death APPROXIMATE VALUES

CONFINED SPACE DEFINITIONS Continued CONFINED SPACE: þ Limited or restricted means of entry and exit þ Not designed for continuous human occupancy þ Large enough and so configured to enter for work NON-PERMIT CONFINED SPACE: þ No potential to develop hazards þ No atmospheric, safety, or health hazards

CONFINED SPACE DEFINITIONS Continued PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE: þ þ Contains a hazardous atmosphere or the potential Contains engulfment potential Internal configuration that could trap an entrant Contains any other serious safety or health hazard JP 4

CONFINED SPACE DEFINITIONS Continued ATMOSPHERIC HAZARD: May expose employees to risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-rescue, injury, or acute illness from one or more of the following causes: þ þ þ Flammable gas, vapor, or mist exceeding 10% LEL Airborne combustible dust in excess of its LEL (5 ft) Oxygen concentration below 19. 5% Oxygen concentration above 23. 5% Concentration of any substance exceeding its PEL Another atmospheric condition that is IDLH

CONFINED SPACE DEFINITIONS Continued ATTENDANT: - An observer stationed OUTSIDE of a confined space. AUTHORIZED ENTRANT: - A worker authorized to ENTER a confined space. ENTRY SUPERVISOR: - The worker responsible for OVERSEEING confined space entry operations, permit signing and safety conformance.

CONFINED SPACE DEFINITIONS Continued PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (OSHA): ü ü PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMITS (PEL’s) FOUND IN 29 CFR 1910. 1000 (THE “Z” TABLES) ESTABLISHES OSHA’s EXPOSURE LEVELS LEGALLY ENFORCEABLE RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS (NIOSH): ü RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS (REL’s) ü USED TO DEVELOP NEW OSHA STANDARDS ü FOUND IN: “NIOSH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH STANDARDS”

CONFINED SPACE DEFINITIONS Continued THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE The TLV is the upper limit of a toxin concentration to which an average healthy person may be repeatedly exposed on an all-day, everyday basis without suffering adverse health effects. Gaseous substances - usually expressed as parts per million (ppm). Fumes or mists - expressed in milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m 3). American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH).

CONFINED SPACE DEFINITIONS Continued IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE & HEALTH An IDLH level represents a maximum concentration from which one could escape within 30 minutes without experiencing any irreversible adverse health effects. In practice, when the concentration of a toxic substance in a given area is known, IDLH levels may be used for determining whether self-contained breathing apparatus is needed when entering the area. If the concentration exceeds the IDLH level, positivedemand, self-contained breathing apparatus should be used.

CONFINED SPACE DEFINITIONS Continued UPPER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (UFL) The “richer” point at which a mixture of flammable vapor and air will no longer support combustion LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL) The “leaner” point at which a mixture of flammable vapor and air will no longer support combustion COMBINED, THE ABOVE EQUAL THE FLAMMABLE RANGE

CONFINED SPACE DEFINITIONS Continued 100% 75% 50% PERCENTAGE OF ATMOSPHERE ACETONE 13% FLAMMABLE RANGE OF ACETONE 2. 5 - 13% 2. 5% 0%

RESPONSIBILITIES ENTRANT DUTIES: þ þ þ Know the hazards associated with the space Follow the instructions on the permit Use required equipment properly Continually communicate with attendant Alert the attendant when necessary Exit the space quickly when so required

RESPONSIBILITIES Continued ATTENDANT DUTIES: þ Know the hazards associated with the space þ Be aware of the effects of hazardous exposures þ Maintain accountability of entrants þ Remain on duty until properly relieved þ Monitor the status of the entrant as appropriate þ Communicate with the entrant as appropriate þ Monitor activities inside and outside the space þ Order evacuation of the space when dictated þ Summon rescue and/or emergency assistance þ Perform non-entry rescue in accordance with policy þ Perform no duties that interfere with attendant duties

RESPONSIBILITIES Continued ENTRY SUPERVISOR DUTIES: þ Know the hazards associated with the space þ Ensure all entries on the written permit are appropriate þ Ensure all tests, procedures and equipment are used þ Terminate entry authorization when appropriate þ Verify that rescue services are available þ Verify methods are in place to summon rescue services þ Remove unauthorized individuals attempting spaces þ Determine when transfer of responsibility takes place þ Ensure operations are consistent with the permit þ Perform non-entry rescue in accordance with policy þ Perform no duties that interfere with supervisor duties

CONTRACTORS CONSIDERATIONS HOST RESPONSIBILITIES: þ Inform the contractor that permits spaces exist þ Apprise the contractor of known hazards þ Apprise the contractor of precautions & procedures þ Coordinate entry operations with the contractor þ Debrief the contractor at termination of operations þ Determine when transfer of responsibility takes place þ Ensure operations are consistent with the permit

CONTRACTORS CONSIDERATIONS Continued CONTRACTOR RESPONSIBILITIES: þ Inform the contractor that permits spaces exist þ Obtain all information concerning known hazards þ Determine precautions & procedures þ Coordinate entry operations with the host þ Brief the host at termination of operations þ Determine when transfer of responsibility takes place þ Ensure operations are consistent with the permit

THE ENTRY PERMIT: þ Specifies entry conditions CONFINED þ Specifies isolation of space SPACE ENTRY þ Specifies: PERMIT - purging - Inerting - flushing - ventilating þ Specifies key personnel þ Specifies entry timeframes þ Specifies external hazard controls þ All permits reviewed on an annual basis

THE ENTRY PERMIT Continued THE ENTRY PERMIT: þ þ þ þ Details rescue means Specifies key personnel Specifies entry timeframes Details hotwork requirements Logs who conducted monitoring Specifies external hazard controls Specifies initial and periodic monitoring requirements CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PERMIT

EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS PRINCIPAL EQUIPMENT NEEDED: þ þ þ þ þ Body harnesses Air compressors SCBA equipment Multi-gas monitors Ventilation equipment Supplied Air respirators Air purifying respirators Extraction cables and lanyards Rescue tripod/davit arm and winch system

EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS Continued PRINCIPAL EQUIPMENT NEEDED: þ þ þ þ Hand tools First aid kits Rescue Skeds Time keeping equipment Intrinsically safe lighting Communications equipment Personal protective equipment Escape ladders for depths four ft. or shoulder height

HAZARD RECOGNITION Continued PERMIT SPACE HISTORY: þ þ þ Overall past usage history Previous chemical usage Previous accident statistics Cross check all relevant information Related current or former MSDS usage Check with others knowledgeable of the space REMEMBER: SOMEONES LIFE MAY BE IN YOUR HANDS!

HAZARD RECOGNITION Continued WORK GENERATED CONDITIONS: þ þ þ Reduced O 2 from welding/cutting operations Reduced O 2 from inerting operations Explosive conditions from sparks/flame Fumes liberated by chemical cleaning Fumes liberated by painting or coating operations Dust explosions from particulate processing REMEMBER: SOMEONES LIFE MAY BE IN YOUR HANDS!

HAZARD RECOGNITION Continued EXTERNAL CONDITIONS: Consider: þ þ Effect of liquids draining into the space Contaminants, leaks, spills, exhausts etc. Backflow from drains or output lines Current or changing weather conditions JP 4

HAZARD RECOGNITION Continued CURRENT EVALUATION OF THE SPACE: þ þ þ þ þ What operations/equipment will interfere with entry? What effect does entry have on other operations? What chemical/physical hazards are present? Complete electrical isolation achieved? Are steam or product lines present? Are MSDS’s available for products? Is engulfment a potential hazard? Is heat stress a potential factor? Will wildlife be effected?

HAZARD CONTROL SITE RESTRICTION & CONTROL: þ Prevent unauthorized entry. þ Control neighboring operations. ENERGY ISOLATION (LOCKOUT/TAGOUT): þ Achieve a zero energy state. - Electrical Mechanical Hydraulic Pneumatic - Thermal Chemical Radioactive Gravity fed - Spring - Other?

HAZARD CONTROL Continued SPACE PREPARATION: þ Depressurize, empty, clean, and cool. þ Reduce or control hazards to the maximum extent possible.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION AIR-PURIFYING OR FILTERING: The APR is used where there is enough oxygen present but the air in the area is contaminated with gases, vapors, and dust. These respirators filter out dangerous materials or divert air through a chemical filter. WARNING - Some substances can not be safely filtered requiring you to wear an Air - Supplied Respirator.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION Continued SUPPLIED-AIR RESPIRATORS: The SAR is used whenever there is not enough oxygen in a confined space or area and the concentration of the airborne substances present is immediately dangerous to life & health (IDLH). All respirators must be approved for the contaminant for which the employee is exposed too. Approval is done jointly by the Mine Safety and Health Administration of the Department of Labor and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) of the Department of Health and Human Services.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION Continued SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS (SCBA): SCBA uses a source of breathable air carried by the wearer. Although this greatly enhances the mobility of the wearer it limits the duration of protection. At a moderate work rate, using approximately 40 liter minute volume, most SCBA used in confined space situations have a rated duration of 30 to 60 minutes. SCBA consist of the following: Face piece, Breathing tube, Air supply tube, Regulator, Exhalation valve, Air Cylinder and valve.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION Continued THE PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS: Respirators places a strain on the wearer’s cardiovascular system. All workers must exert a greater degree of effort to inhale and exhale when wearing a respirator. Some people are claustrophobic and cannot wear respirators. OSHA requires that anyone assigned a task requiring the use of respirators be examined and certified as being able to safely wear the respirator. Furthermore, the worker and supervisor must have a basic understanding of respirator selections, operations, fitting, limitations and maintenance.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION Continued RESPIRATOR FIT TESTS: The proper fitting of a respirator is determined by a fit tests and seal checks. Fit tests can be “Qualitative” or “Quantitative”. Some OSHA Standards have specific requirements for fit testing.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION Continued QUALITATIVE FIT TESTING: þ þ Required upon issue and semi-annually Irritant smoke or banana oil can be used Usually required to recite “Rainbow” passage Has a subjective response

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION Continued QUANTITATIVE FIT TESTING: þ þ þ Measures concentration inside mask Port drilled into mask Takes approximately 1 hour Requires expensive equipment and trained personnel Ensures correct fit for model

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION Continued RESPIRATOR CHECKLIST: þ þ þ þ þ Do a fit test. Receive training. Provide proper care. Measure hazard levels. Receive a Medical test. Review exposure limits. Select correct Respirator. Receive Annual Physical. Receive Annual Training. Check the Oxygen levels.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION Continued RESPIRATOR CHECKLIST: þ Provide proper maintenance. þ Look for signs of deterioration. þ Follow policies and procedures. þ Wear only approved respirators. þ Wear only respirators on which you have received instruction.

ATMOSPHERIC TESTING OSHA’S RECOMMENDATIONS Remember: þ þ þ Follow your permit instructions Instruments should be adequately sensitive Instruments should be calibrated and documented Users should be technically qualified Testing must be done prior to each entry ASPHYXIATION IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN CONFINED SPACES

ATMOSPHERIC TESTING Continued INSTRUMENT FUNCTION TESTS: þ þ þ Do not replace calibration Blow into 02 sensors to test 02 deficiency A solvent marker will test for combustibles Using a butane lighter is not recommended Function tests must be done prior to each entry ASPHYXIATION IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN CONFINED SPACES

ATMOSPHERIC TESTING Continued HAZARD CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) (PPM) HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H 2 S) (PPM) OXYGEN (O 2) LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL) LIMIT 35 PPM 10 PPM 19. 5% - 23. 5% 10% > ASPHYXIATION IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN CONFINED SPACES

ATMOSPHERIC TESTING Continued TMX 412 MULTI-GAS MONITOR HAZARDS DETECTED OXYGEN (O 2) CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H 2 S) LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL) PPM 35 <19. 5 - 23. 5> OXYGEN TYPICAL GAS MONITOR PPM INDUSTRIAL SCIENTIFIC BATT E 10 10% LEL/CH 4 TMX 412

ATMOSPHERIC TESTING Continued 100% 75% 50% PERCENTAGE OF ATMOSPHERE ACETONE 13% FLAMMABLE RANGE OF ACETONE 2. 5 - 13% 2. 5% 0% FLAMMABLE LIMITS

ATMOSPHERIC TESTING Continued TOXICS CARBON MONOXIDE: - TLV 35 PPM (ACGIH) - PEL 50 PPM (OSHA) - IDLH 1200 PPM HYDROGEN SULFIDE: - TLV 10 PPM (ACGIH) - PEL 10 PPM (OSHA) - IDLH 100 PPM

ATMOSPHERIC TESTING Continued CONSIDERATIONS - BATTERY CHECK - CALIBRATION - OXIDIZERS - ACIDS - DATA INTERPRETATION PPM 35 <19. 5 - 23. 5> OXYGEN INDUSTRIAL SCIENTIFIC BATT E 10 10% LEL/CH 4 TMX 412

ATMOSPHERIC TESTING Continued ACCESSORIES - BATTERY - PUMP - SAMPLING TUBE FILTER PPM 35 <19. 5 - 23. 5> OXYGEN INDUSTRIAL SCIENTIFIC BATT E 10 10% LEL/CH 4 TMX 412

ATMOSPHERIC TESTING Continued TESTING SEQUENCE 1. OXYGEN 2. FLAMMABILITY 3. TOXICITY PPM 35 <19. 5 - 23. 5> OXYGEN INDUSTRIAL SCIENTIFIC BATT E 10 10% LEL/CH 4 TMX 412

ATMOSPHERIC TESTING Continued WHY A TESTING SEQUENCE? 1. OXYGEN - Most combustible gas meters are 02 dependent and must have 02 present to provide reliable data. 2. FLAMMABILITY - The threat of fire or explosion is both more immediate and more life threatening in most cases than toxic vapors. 3. TOXICITY - If tests for toxic vapors are necessary they are performed last.

ATMOSPHERIC TESTING Continued SAMPLING STRATEGIES: þ Evaluation Testing - Evaluation of hazards present in the permit space. þ Verification Testing - Verification that acceptable entry conditions for entry into that space exist.

ATMOSPHERIC TESTING Continued SAMPLING STRATEGIES: þ Duration of Testing - Measurement of values for each atmospheric parameter should be made for at least the minimum response time of the instrument specified by the manufacturer.

ATMOSPHERIC TESTING Continued STRATIFIED ATMOSPHERES: Vapor Density Air = 1 <1 = Lighter than Air >1 = Heavier than Air <1 AIR=1 >1

ATMOSPHERIC TESTING Continued STRATIFIED ATMOSPHERES: þ þ þ Sample every 3 to 4 ft Don’t trust your senses Don’t get rushed Know the meter response time Keep the sampling tube out of the product þ Periodically retest þ Raise tube only as fast as the meter response time TOP MIDDLE BOTTOM

ATMOSPHERIC TESTING Continued PERIODIC RETESTING: þ þ þ Retest after you enter Retest in your breathing zone Try and find the bad air! Don’t degrade your own air! Think!

ATMOSPHERIC TESTING Continued UNACCEPTABLE TEST RESULTS: þ þ þ Know your emergency response procedures! Immediately notify entrants of unsafe conditions! If there is any doubt - EVACUATE THE SPACE! Know the time it takes to evacuate! Don’t try to remedy before ordering evacuation! EVACUATE THEN CONTROL THE HAZARD!

ATMOSPHERIC TESTING Continued CONSULT THE OWNERS MANUAL FOR SPECIFICS REGARDING THE INSTRUMENT YOU ARE USING DO NOT ASSUME ANYTHING!

CONFINED SPACE VENTILATION Continued WHEN TO VENTILATE: þ þ þ þ þ When the air contains too little oxygen. When the air contains too much oxygen. The air is too flammable. The air is toxic. Begin ventilating well in advance of any entry. Test the atmosphere in advance of any entry. Continue ventilating as long as entrants are in space. Consider the type of work being performed. Follow the instructions on the permit.

CONFINED SPACE VENTILATION Continued VENTILATION SYSTEMS: þ LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION: - Usually job-specific. þ GENERAL VENTILATION: - Usually area-specific.

CONFINED SPACE VENTILATION Continued LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION: þ þ þ þ Captures at point of origin. Removes single source contaminants. Use during hotwork, grinding & cleaning operations. Keep the intake close to the source. Not the best for dispersed contaminants. Sometimes the shape of the space can be detrimental. Check with suppliers for the most suitable type.

CONFINED SPACE VENTILATION Continued GENERAL VENTILATION: þ þ þ þ þ Does not reduce the amount of contaminants. There are limits on when it can be used. Contaminants must be of low toxicity Dilutes the general atmosphere in the space. Removes area contaminants. Contaminants must be produced at a uniform rate. Best for providing oxygen Best for controlling low concentrations of toxins. Check with suppliers for the most suitable type.

CONFINED SPACE VENTILATION Continued GENERAL VENTILATION: þ Exhaust Ventilation: - Draw bad air out. þ Supply ventilation: - Blows fresh air in. AIR FLOW

CONFINED SPACE VENTILATION Continued GENERAL VENTILATION: þ Exhaust Ventilation: OUTSIDE AIR FLOW SPACE

CONFINED SPACE VENTILATION Continued GENERAL VENTILATION: þ Supply Ventilation: OUTSIDE AIR FLOW SPACE

CONFINED SPACE VENTILATION Continued GENERAL VENTILATION (Intake Point Placement): þ þ Locate exhaust outlet to prevent recirculation. Locate outlet where exhaust will be harmless. Consider need to filter exhaust air. If the exhaust is flammable remove ignition sources.

CONFINED SPACE VENTILATION Continued AIR FLOW SHORT CIRCUIT

CONFINED SPACE VENTILATION Continued AIR FLOW BETTER PLACEMENT

CONFINED SPACE VENTILATION Continued GENERAL VENTILATION (Power Considerations): þ Equipment must move air effectively within space. þ Equipment must carry away any contaminants. þ A series of blowers may be needed. AIR FLOW

CONFINED SPACE VENTILATION Continued DUCT WORK: þ þ þ Directs the air flow. Place duct work out of the way. Remember why the ductwork is present. Keep ducts as short and straight as possible. Avoid sharp bends. Ensure connections are tight.

CONFINED SPACE VENTILATION Continued A FINAL NOTE ON DUCT WORK VENTILATION IS MORE COMPLEX THAN MOST PEOPLE REALIZE. CONSULT WITH THE MANUFACTURER ON THE BEST WAY TO USE THEIR EQUIPMENT. MANY SITUATIONS CAN ARISE WHICH CREATE CHALLENGES TO CONFINED SPACE ENTRIES. THERE ARE MANY CONFIGURATIONS THAT VENTILATION EQUIPMENT CAN TAKE.

CONFINED SPACE RESCUE ON-SITE RESCUE: þ Employer decides if on or off-site rescue will be used. þ On-site rescue: - Usually made up of in-house personnel - Motivated team - Extensive training - Practical exercises (at least once every 12 months) - Regular reinforcement of training

CONFINED SPACE RESCUE OFF-SITE RESCUE: þ Employer decides if on or off-site rescue will be used. þ Off-site rescue: - Close proximity - Extensive pre-coordination - Must understand the hazards to be faced - Must have access to all spaces for pre-planning þ A feasibility assessment must be made to determine the practicality of off-site rescue

CONFINED SPACE RESCUE THE RESCUE TEAM: þ Must meet basic requirements: - Good endurance - Possess enthusiasm - Must be a capable leader - Must have a positive attitude - Good physical fitness and health - Must be capable of following orders - Must have same training as entrants - Must regularly participate in practical exercises

CONFINED SPACE RESCUE Continued RESCUE TRAINING: þ þ þ Rescue techniques Understand self-rescue criteria First aid/CPR proficiency required Communications in confined spaces Recognition of confined space hazards Understand the use of personal protective equipment

CONFINED SPACE RESCUE Continued RESCUE TYPES: SAFELINE þ Horizontal þ Vertical HORIZONTAL RESCUES VERTICAL RESCUES

CONFINED SPACE RESCUE Continued RESCUE SYSTEMS: SAFELINE þ Non-entry Rescue þ Entry Rescue ENTRY RESCUES NON-ENTRY RESCUES

CONFINED SPACE RESCUE Continued NON-ENTRY RESCUE: þ þ Safest for rescuer. Requires extensive entrant training. Tripod (or equivalent most common). NFPA approved rope may be used (15: 1 tensile strength). ENTRY RESCUE: þ Used when obstacles prevent non-entry rescue. þ Requires extensive rescue team training. þ Various entry methods can be used.

CONFINED SPACE RESCUE Continued VICTIM CARE (No apparent injuries): þ þ þ Assess physical condition. Look for signs of shock. Keep head stable and airways open. Don’t Injure the victim during extrication. Wristlets may be used if no trauma is created.

CONFINED SPACE RESCUE Continued VICTIM CARE (Injuries): þ þ þ Assess physical condition. Look for signs of shock. Keep head stable and airways open. Immobilize the spine. Plastic Skeds are very useful. Never move or care for an injured victim unless you have been trained to administer first aid. þ If the situation is “life or death” use your best judgment.

CONFINED SPACE RESCUE Continued RESCUE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS: Rescue and retrieval systems are generally used in confined spaces, and are often known as personal retrieval systems. The system is primarily used when workers must be lowered into tanks, manholes, etc. , and when retrieval may be required should an emergency occur.

CONFINED SPACE RESCUE Continued RESCUE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS: BACK-UP FALL PROTECTION TIE-OFF POINT WINCH SAFELINE TRIPOD SAFELINE

CONFINED SPACE RESCUE Continued RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS AND PERMIT SPACE ENTRY: To facilitate non-entry rescue, retrieval systems or methods must be used whenever an authorized entrant enters a permit space, unless the retrieval equipment would increase the overall risk of entry or would not contribute to the rescue of the entrant.

CONFINED SPACE RESCUE Continued RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS AND PERMIT SPACE ENTRY: Retrieval systems must meet the following requirements: þ þ Entrants must use a chest or full body harness. Lines must attached to the center of the back at shoulders or; Above the entrant’s head. Wristlets may be used in lieu of a harness if: 1. It can be demonstrated that a harness is infeasible. 2. It can be demonstrated that a harness increases the hazard. 3. It can be demonstrated that wristlets are the safest means. þ The other end of the retrieval line must be attached to a mechanical device or fixed point outside the space to facilitate immediate rescue.

CONFINED SPACE RESCUE Continued RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS AND PERMIT SPACE ENTRY: To facilitate non-entry rescue, a mechanical device must be available to retrieve personnel from vertical type permit spaces more than 5 feet deep.

CONFINED SPACE RESCUE Continued RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS AND PERMIT SPACE ENTRY: The following guidelines will help determine if a retrieval system presents more hazards than benefits: þ A permit space with obstructions or turns that could bind the retrieval line, the entrant need not use a retrieval system. þ When an employee being rescued with the retrieval system would be injured because of forceful contact with projection in the space, the entrant need not be attached to a retrieval system. þ In a permit space, an entrant using an air supplied respirator need not use a retrieval system if the retrieval line could become tangled with the air line.

CONFINED SPACE RESCUE Continued SNAPHOOK ROLL-OUT HAZARD: Roll-out can occur when a single-locking snaphook is improperly connected to an attachment point such as a small eyebolt, or to another snaphook. Roll-out is also possible when a lanyard or lifeline is wrapped around a structure and hooked back into itself. SEQUENCE: 1. 2. 3. 4. Force of the arrest rebounds through the lanyard or lifeline. The snaphook is driven up and around the attachment. The gate of the snaphook is depressed by the roll motion. The snaphook pop loose or rolls out of the attachment point.

CONFINED SPACE RESCUE Continued EQUIPMENT INCOMPATIBILITY: þ Ideally, a personal fall protection system should be designed, tested, and supplied as a complete system. þ Components may not be interchangeable. þ Ask the manufacturer if different equipment is compatible. þ Substitutions or change to personal fall protection systems should be fully evaluated or tested to determine whether or not it meets the standard, BEFORE THE MODIFIED SYSTEM IS PUT INTO USE.

CONFINED SPACE RESCUE Continued ADDITIONAL HAZARDS: þ Heat þ Sharp and cutting edges þ Environmental conditions þ Corrosion and dirt

CONFINED SPACE RESCUE Continued TRAINING AND PROPER DESIGN IS CRITICAL: It is important to remember that training is critical when rescuing injured or sick workers involved in confined space accidents. It is recommended that basic rescue techniques be considered when designing or renovating a facility. Proper design may allow less skill and training in accomplishing rescues than those techniques used by advanced rescue teams. Elimination of confined spaces is always the first choice.

INSPECTION AND CARE OF RESCUE EQUIPMENT INSPECTION BEFORE USE: Employees using the equipment need to inspect their own equipment. Do not place your life unnecessarily in anyone else hands! Defective components must be removed from service if their function or strength has been adversely affected.

INSPECTION AND CARE OF RESCUE EQUIPMENT Continued IMPACT LOADING: Equipment subjected to impact loading or an actual fall must be immediately removed from service and not used again unless inspected and determined by a competent person to be undamaged and suitable for reuse.

INSPECTION AND CARE OF RESCUE EQUIPMENT Continued IMPACT LOADING: IMPORTANT: Some manufacturers will not guarantee harnesses or lanyards will provide adequate protection during a second fall. Many of these manufacturers state on the equipment to destroy the harness and lanyard after a fall has been sustained.

INSPECTION AND CARE OF RESCUE EQUIPMENT Continued INSPECTION CONSIDERATIONS: þ þ þ þ þ Develop a detailed inspection policy. Inspect equipment before each use (without exception). Inspect anchorage points before use. Tag as unusable, damaged equipment. Separate damaged equipment from serviceable equipment. Consider the effects on equipment stored for long periods. Remove “impact loaded” equipment from service immediately. Incorporate manufacturer’s instructions into a plant inspections. Consider special situations such as radiation, electrical conductivity, and chemicals etc.

TIPS FOR USING CONTRACTORS þ REMEMBER, YOU CONTROL YOUR FACILITY OR AREA! þ REVIEW THEIR PROCEDURES WITH THEM BEFORE STARTING THE JOB! þ DETERMINE THEIR SAFETY PERFORMANCE RECORD! þ DETERMINE WHO IS IN CHARGE OF THEIR PEOPLE! þ DETERMINE HOW THEY WILL AFFECT YOUR EMPLOYEES!