CONFIDENTIAL TEA Thermo Electric Avalance Applied Quantum Electronics

CONFIDENTIAL TEA (Thermo. Electric Avalance) Applied Quantum Electronics Heikki Seppä and Panu Helistö Technical Research Centre of Finland, Sensors/Quantronics Co. E, Scientific Advisory Board Meeting, 9 th September, Heikki Seppä

CONFIDENTIAL Motivation - Proactive Inventions and Innovations Facts Virtual needs Real needs Future real needs Visions and imagination Research Centres Univeristies Enterprises Basic Research Applied Research Development Needs and Customers Innovations Proactive Innovations Co. E, Scientific Advisory Board Meeting, 9 th September, Heikki Seppä Future Needs and Customers

CONFIDENTIAL Contents Research Examples (2006) • Towards quantum computer • Teraherts imaging • Invisible printable electric codes, carbon nanotubes • Thermoelectric avalance in metalic nano arrays Recent projects and submitted project applications Patent applications (2006) Other results Future plans Co. E, Scientific Advisory Board Meeting, 9 th September, Heikki Seppä

CONFIDENTIAL Towards quantum computing with superconducting solid state qubits Maria Gabriella Castellano, Leif Grönberg, Pasquale Carelli, Fabio Chiarello, Carlo Cosmelli, Roberto Leoni, Stefano Poletto, Guido Torrioli, Juha Hassel, Panu Helistö, Superconducting Science and Technology 19, 860864 (2006). • Main problem: decoherence due to thermal noise and fluctuators in junctions and their neighborhood • RSFQubit results 2006 • high quality JJ junctions => reduced JJ noise • e-ph coupling 'cooling fins' to achieve record low base temperature of shunt resistors • RC shunts to isolate qubit from RSFQ dissipations • Decoherence times ~5 us achieved J. Hassel, H. Seppä, P. Helistö, J. Kunert, L. Fritzsch and H. G. Meyer, Appl. Phys. Lett. , accepted (2006) Co. E, Scientific Advisory Board Meeting, 9 th September, Heikki Seppä

CONFIDENTIAL Passive imaging with superconducting bolometers NIST - VTT collaboration • 1 -pixel Nb bolometer 0. 1 - 1 THz • RT readout • Linear scanning • (2005) Background (reflected by concealed objects) at room temperature Skin at body temperature Co. E, Scientific Advisory Board Meeting, 9 th September, Heikki Seppä

CONFIDENTIAL Nb. N bolometer arrays fabricated at VTT P. Helistö, A. Luukanen, L. Grönberg, J. S. Penttilä, H. Seppä, H. Sipola, C. R. Dietlein and E. N. Grossman, Antenna-coupled microbolometers for passive THz direct detection imaging arrays, 36 th European Microwave Conference 2006, Manchester 1015 September 2006. • Nb. N - higher normal state resistance => lower thermal conductance than Nb (lower noise), easier matching to antenna • Tc can be tailored to optimize performance 0 - 13 K • 8 -pixel subarrays developed => goal 128 -pixel linear array Co. E, Scientific Advisory Board Meeting, 9 th September, Heikki Seppä

CONFIDENTIAL The VTT room-temperature readout • • • A novel readout method developed by VTT utilizes ETF Simple low noise JFET amplifier reads out the voltage across the bolometer With feedback through Zfb, voltage across bolometer is set to V At high frequencies, Zx maintains stability Bias point set at the bottom of the IV curve large Rd allows for easy noise matching • H Seppä and P Helistö, pat. pend. Co. E, Scientific Advisory Board Meeting, 9 th September, Heikki Seppä

CONFIDENTIAL Electrical noise of a Nb. N microbolometer + RT readout J. S. Penttilä, A. Luukanen, L. Grönberg, P. Helistö, H. Sipola, and H. Seppä, Seventh International Workshop on Low Temperature Electronics, WOLTE 7, WPP 264, 2123 June 2006, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 203207 (2006). NEP (f. W/rt. Hz) • First run of Nb. N test detectors • Smooth IV curve - good quality bolometer wire • Electrical NEP ~ 9 f. W/sq. Hz (lowest measured at 4 K) 2 Co. E, Scientific Advisory Board Meeting, 9 th September, Heikki Seppä 4 6 V [m. V] 8 10

CONFIDENTIAL Printable nanotube based invisible electric code • • Utilizes proberties of single walled proberties nanotubes Near completely invisible Sufficient condactivity to electric detection (100 MHz) Applications: • Invisible electric codes • Printable active components Sheet resistance at 10 k. Hz 230306 NC 2, 93 μm 630 Ω/□ 354 Ω/□ 020306 Ag 500 nm 210306 NC 35 nm 4, 93 Ω/□ 18, 1 k Ω/□ 3, 79 kΩ/□ 695 Ω/□ 210306 NC 2 24 nm 103, 4 k Ω/□ 32, 7 k Ω/□ Co. E, Scientific Advisory Board Meeting, 9 th September, Heikki Seppä

CONFIDENTIAL Nanoparticle TEM visualization thin polymer shell ~5Å time Co. E, Scientific Advisory Board Meeting, 9 th September, Heikki Seppä

CONFIDENTIAL Electric Sintering Condactivity via tunneling (inelastic or elastic cotunneling ? ), strong temperature dependence SEM before electrical sintering Room temperature sintering process Metallic coductivity SEM after electrical sintering Co. E, Scientific Advisory Board Meeting, 9 th September, Heikki Seppä

CONFIDENTIAL Thermoelectric Avalance 100 mm AFM Click Video melted wire SEM 100 mm not sintered nanoparticle array Co. E, Scientific Advisory Board Meeting, 9 th September, Heikki Seppä self-organized creation of sintered or melted metallic wire - uniform width, - large aspect ratio

CONFIDENTIAL Projects Quantronix (Panu Helistö) • Submm Scanner, Tekes, Companies, (NIST), 2005 - 2007 • Printag, Tekes/Fin. Nano, Companies, 2005 - 2007 • RSFQubit, EU FP 6, 2005 - 2007 • Low-temperature Spectrometer Array, ESA GSTP G 204 -06 M (SRON, 2007 -2008) • Superconducting Read Out for Microcalorimeters, ESA TRP SCI-X 10. a (SRON, 2007 -2008) • Quantum Metrology Rriangle, Technology Industries of Finland, (MIKES, TKK, 2007 -2010). • Tera. Eye, EU FP 6, THz imaging based on quantum dot detectors, in negotiation, 2007 - 2009 • ITI, Thermoplexer, submitted (ESA) Printable Sensors (Ari Alastalo) • Printable Electronics …, VTT, 2005 • Printed RFID Sensor Solutions, Nordite/Tekes, 2006 - 2007 • Printable Functional Nano Structures, submitted to Teknologiateollisuuden säätiölle, 2007 - 2009 • Metallic and semiconducting nanoparticles for printable electronics, planning phase, EU-7 Biosensors (Kirsti Tappura) • Biosystems, VTT, 2005 • MEMS Based Later Bulk Acoustic Waves for Biosensors, Tekes, Companies, (2005 • MEMS based Biosensors, planning phase, EU 7, 2007 -2010 • Terahertz Biospectrometer, planning phase, EU 7, 2007 - 2010 Co. E, Scientific Advisory Board Meeting, 9 th September, Heikki Seppä

CONFIDENTIAL Recent Patent Applications Directly linked to Ce. O • Bolometer Amplifier based on the Thermoelectric Feedback, 2006 • Multiplexing Scheme based on Thermoelectric Power Amplification and SIN-Junctions, 2006 • Invisible Ink for Electric Coding based on Carbon Nanotubes, 2006 • Sintering of Nanoparticles using Thermoelectric Avalance, 2006 Indirectly linked to Ce. O • Several patent applications (2006, about 15) related to sensors, materials, telecommunication, • 5 - 6 patents are lisenced or sold during 2006 Co. E, Scientific Advisory Board Meeting, 9 th September, Heikki Seppä

CONFIDENTIAL Other Results 1. New Research Team (Dr. Ari Alastalo) 2. Two Doctoral Thesis: Ari Alastalo and Anu Kärkkäinen 3. Two Spin-off Companies and one Join Company Directly Related to Ce. O • Aivon Ltd, 2006, cryogenic detectors, dc and hg SQUIDs for Electa- Neuromag, Dr. Jari Penttilä (Shares: three Finns and VTT) Indirectly Related to Ce. O • Fenno. ID Ltd, 2006, RFID sollutions, Heikki Mamia (Shares: two Finns, German, Chinese, Indonesian and VTT) • Read. Teck (Chína), 2006, Joint Company between Fenno. ID (Finland) and Teck. Top (China/Wuhan), RFID for China Markets (Traffic Customs) and Electric Codes Co. E, Scientific Advisory Board Meeting, 9 th September, Heikki Seppä

CONFIDENTIAL Future Plans Directly Related to Ce. O • Teraherts Imiging Systems • Teraherts Spectroscopy • New Realisation for Quantum Triangle • Sluice, BOT, un. SQUID / Calorimetric detection of electrons • Detectors and Electronics for Quantum Computing • RFSQ • Modified un SQUID (Quantum Limited Amplifier) • Prediction: 12 times lower energy resolution than dc SQUID Indirectly Related to Ce. O • Electric conductivity in 3 D nano arrays • Inorganic nanoparticles (metalic, semiconductive and ferroelectric) for printable electronics • Terahertz spectroscopy for biotechnolgy Co. E, Scientific Advisory Board Meeting, 9 th September, Heikki Seppä