Concrete Physical Mechanical Properties Bridge Engineering Section Technical
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Introduction • Composition. • Physical Properties. • Mechanical Properties. • Defects & Deterioration. Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 1 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Composition • Portland Cement. • Aggregate. • Mixing Water. • Entrapped Air. • Admixtures. • Supplementary Cementing Materials. Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 2 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Proportions of Materials in Concrete Cementing materials Water Air Fine agg. Coarse agg. 15 % 18 % 8% 28 % 31 % Mix 1 7% 14 % 24 % Air-Entrained Concrete 51 % Mix 2 15 % 21 % 3% 30 % 31 % Mix 3 7 % 16 % 1 % 25 % 51 % Non air. Entrained Concrete Mix 4 Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 3 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Cross-section of Concrete Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 4 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Portland Cement • It was invented in 18 th century and called Portland cement. • Chemical compound which reacts with water to form a stone like mass (hydration). C 3 S + Tricalcium Silicate C 2 S + H 2 O Dicalcium Silicate C 3 S 2 H 2 + CH Water Calcium Silica Hydrate Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 5 Calcium Hydroxide BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties • • 73% Limestone 23% Clay Grind 2% Iron 3% Sand Clinker Portland Cement Heat 1500°C Grind Portland Cement + Gypsum Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 6 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Cement Manufacture Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 7 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Cement Manufacture Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 8 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Types of Cement • Type “GU” – General use. • Type “HE” – High early strength. • Type “MS” – Moderate sulfate resistance. • Type “HS” – High sulfate resistance. • Type “MH” – Moderate heat of hydration. • Type “LH” – Low heat of hydration. Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 9 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Water Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 10 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Water • Impurities cause: Øabnormal set Ødecreased strength Øvolume change Øefflorescence Øcorrosion of reinforcement Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 11 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Aggregate Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 12 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Aggregate Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 13 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Characteristics of Aggregate • • Clean & sound. Abrasion resistance Freeze & thaw resistance Wetting & drying properties Chemical stability Alkali aggregate reactivity Shape and surface texture Aggregate grading Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 14 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Grading Limits te 80 gg 40 reg Ag gre ate ga 60 Co ars e. A Fin e Percent Passing by Mass 100 20 160 315 µm 630 1. 25 2. 5 5 10 mm 20 40 56 Sieve sizes - nominal opening Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 15 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Fineness Modulus Sieve Size Percentage Retained by Mass 10 mm 0 5 mm 2 2. 5 mm 15 1. 25 mm 35 630 µm 55 315 µm 79 160 µm 97 Total 283 Fineness Modulus = 283/100 = 2. 83 Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 16 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Air-Entrained Concrete • • Freeze-thaw resistance Improves workability Finishes sooner Reduces water Reduces segregation and bleeding Improves sulfate resistance Entrained air 5% to 8% Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 17 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Air-Entrained Concrete Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 18 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Physical Properties • Thermal expansion: ØConcrete 9. 9 x 10 -6/°C ØSteel 12. 0 x 10 -6/°C • Volume change due to moisture: ØSwelling ØShrinkage Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 19 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Stored in water Stored in air Shrinkage Swelling/Shrinkage Time Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 20 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties W/C Ratio & Shrinkage of Paste Drying Shrinkage 10 -6 3. 2 W/C = 0. 65 W/C = 0. 55 2. 4 W/C = 0. 45 1. 6 W/C = 0. 26 0. 8 7 28 90 180 270 Age (Days) Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 21 360 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties • Strength Ø Ø • • • Compressive (28 day – f’c) Tensile (10% of f’c) Shear (12% to 13% of f’c) Flexural (14% of f’c) Abrasion resistance Creep Fire resistance Durability Permeability Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 22 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties W/C Ratio vs. Strength 28 day compressive strength MPa 60 50 Non air-entrained concrete 40 30 20 Air-entrained concrete 10 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 0. 9 W/C Ratio Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 23 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Effect of Curing on Strength Compressive Strength MPa 60 e time r i t n e ured 50 c Moist In air after 28 days moist curing 40 In air after 7 days moist curing 30 In lab. air cured 20 10 0 7 28 91 Age at Test Days Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 24 365 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Compressive Strength @ 90 days - MPa Compressive Strength & Air Content W/C Ratio 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 70 60 50 40 0 1 2 3 4 Air Content % 5 Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 25 6 7 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Wear vs. Strength Depth of Wear (mm) 10 7. 5 5. 0 2. 5 0 7 14 21 28 Compressive Strength MPa Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 26 35 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Concrete Strength & Creep 10 . 6 MPa 7 Conc. Strength 2 Creep Strain 7. 5 5 th Conc. Streng 0 250 500 750 41. 4 MPa 1000 1250 Age (Days) Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 27 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Curing Method & Creep Deformation ured 7 days moist c m cured a Atmospheric ste High-pressure steam cured 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Time after loading (Days) Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 28 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Age of Loading & Creep 10 Age of loading 28 days Creep Strain 7. 5 5 90 days 180 days 0 250 500 750 Age (Days) 1000 Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 29 1250 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Freeze/Thaw Resistance, Air & W/C Ratio Cycles of freezing & thawing to 25% loss in mass 6000 Fog cured 14 days Dried 76 days at 50% RH 5000 4000 Air entrained concrete 3000 Non-air entrained concrete 2000 1000 0 4000 Fog cured 28 days No drying 3000 2000 1000 0 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 W/C Ratio Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 30 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Permeability, W/C Ratio & Curing 50 Non-air entrained concrete Permeability cm/secx 10 -10 40 30 20 1 day moist, 90 days in air 7 days moist, 90 days in air 10 0 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 W/C Ratio Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 31 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Deterioration Stains Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 32 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Staining, Efflorescence & Corrosion Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 33 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Deck Ponding Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 34 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Surface Durability Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 35 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Freeze-Thaw Damage Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 36 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Light Scaling Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 37 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Medium Scaling Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 38 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Heavy Scaling Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 39 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Sound Concrete Deck Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 40 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Sound Concrete Deck Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 41 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Surface Abrasion Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 42 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Concrete Stress-Strain Relationship f’ c Concrete Stress MPa Strain = L/L L = 0. 003 x 300 = 0. 9 mm Concrete Strain 0. 003 Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 43 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties High-Performance Concrete • • High strength. High modulus of elasticity. High abrasion resistance. Low permeability and diffusion. Resistance to chemical attack. High resistance to frost. Ease of placement Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 44 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Self-Compacting Concrete • Able to flow and consolidate on its own. • Must be cohesive to fill spaces without segregation. • Useful wherever placing is difficult. . • SCC reduces the need for vibration. • It is based on increasing the amount of fine material without changing the water content. Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 45 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Shrinkage Cracks Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 46 350 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Map Cracking Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 47 350 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Flexural Cracks Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 48 350 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Construction Joint Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 49 350 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Corrosion Spalls & Pop-outs Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 50 350 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Corrosion Spall Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 51 350 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Corrosion Spall Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 52 350 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Alkali Aggregate Reaction Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 53 350 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties High Load Chip Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 54 350 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties High Load Damage Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 55 350 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Concrete Physical & Mechanical Properties Questions? ? Bridge Engineering Section Technical Standards Branch 56 BIM Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
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