Conceptualising smartness in CyberPhysical Systems Christos Chronopoulos and

Conceptualising smartness in Cyber-Physical Systems Christos Chronopoulos and Igor Kozine Engineering Systems Design, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark chrichr@dtu. dk 24 October 2019 Technical University of Denmark Conceptualising smartness in CPSs 2

New technologies Information and communication technologies (ICTs) Industry 4. 0 Security Industrial systems Autonomous vehicles (AVs) Smart traffic management systems Smart cities Smart energy grid Big data Internet of Things (Io. T) Ubiquitous computing Cloud 24 October 2019 Smart buildings Technical University of Denmark Home automation Intelligent Building Management Systems (IBMSs) Conceptualising smartness in CPSs 4

Challenges 24 October 2019 Technical University of Denmark Conceptualising smartness in CPSs 5

Challenges 24 October 2019 Stuxnet worm (2010) – Nuclear plant Sochi Arena HVAC cyber-attack (2014) – Building Management Systems Boeing 737 MAX accidents, MCAS (2018; 2019) – Aviation 105 M Io. T attacks in the first half of the year (2019) – Kaspersky Labs NASA JPL cyber-attack using Rpi (2018) – Research Tesla crash while in “autopilot” mode (2018) – Automotive Technical University of Denmark Conceptualising smartness in CPSs 6

Balancing smartness and robustness? s s e stn u b o R Marchese & Linkov, (2017) Smartness 24 October 2019 Technical University of Denmark Conceptualising smartness in CPSs 7

Smartness • Literature review • Increasing interest for the term “smartness” • Three main perspectives Documents per year indexed in Scopus TITLE-ABS-KEY(smartness) Documents per year indexed in Web of Science TITLE-ABS-KEY(smartness) 24 October 2019 Technical University of Denmark Conceptualising smartness in CPSs 8

Smartness attributes 52 attributes 24 October 2019 Technical University of Denmark Conceptualising smartness in CPSs 9

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) Smart systems that include engineered interacting networks of physical and computational components NIST, (2017) 24 October 2019 Technical University of Denmark Conceptualising smartness in CPSs 10

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) Engineered systems that integrate information technologies, realtime control subsystems, physical components and human operators to influence physical processes by means of cooperative and (semi)automated control functions Carreras Guzman et al. , (2019) Cyber layer Cyber-physical layer Physical layer 24 October 2019 Technical University of Denmark Conceptualising smartness in CPSs 11

Dimensions and characteristics of smartness • • • Sub-systems and components ü (Self-)optimisation … Information and knowledge ü Information and knowledge management … • Interconnection • ü Connectivity … Sharing ü Allocation … 24 October 2019 Technical University of Denmark • Degree of integration Degree of cooperative control Real-time feedback control Level of automation • • Functional ü Interaction … Temporal ü Real-time … Dependability-related ü Safety … • Information acquisition ü Reasoning … ü Self-awareness … • Analysis ü Knowledge creation … Decision • Action ü Self-regulation … Conceptualising smartness in CPSs 12

Concluding points • Smartness: vague and context-dependent • Systems are becoming more complex • Holistic view of smartness in CPSs • Facilitate the risk assessment process • Eliminate the gap of current risk assessment methods • Take new technologies into account 24 October 2019 Technical University of Denmark Conceptualising smartness in CPSs 13

Future developments • Apply the smartness framework in real cases • Describe “robustness” in CPSs • Identify the links between smartness and robustness • Balancing smartness and robustness s tnes us Rob Smartness 24 October 2019 Technical University of Denmark Conceptualising smartness in CPSs 14

Thank you for your attention! Christos Chronopoulos chrichr@dtu. dk Engineering Systems Design Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark 24 October 2019 Technical University of Denmark Conceptualising smartness in CPSs 15