Concepts Geography I POPULATION POPULATION Distribution spread across

Concepts Geography I

POPULATION

POPULATION • Distribution • • • spread across surface uneven and changes dot map dots represent people crowded sparcely populated

Dot map 1 dot represents 100 000 people

POPULATION • Density • • • number of people per km 2 total population/area choropleth map generalisation hide concentrations

Choropleth map Over 500 people per km 2 200/500 people per km 2 100/199 people per km 2

POPULATION water supply climate relief Physical factors vegetation soil natural routes natural resources

POPULATION economic Human factors social political

POPULATION • Population growth • • death rate birth rate natural increase natural decrease

POPULATION • Demographic • total population transition • population change model • birth rate • death rate • natural increase • natural decrease • four stages

The demographic transition model Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5

POPULATION • Stage 1 • Stage 2 • Stage 3 • Stage 4 • very hight fluctuating birth and death rates • birth rate very hight, death rate falling rapidly • birth rate falling rapidly, death rate falling slowly • birth and death rates falling slowly

POPULATION • Population structures • population pyramid: – birth rate – death rate – life expectancy – age groups – males – females – population growth

Population pyramid Life expectancy Stage 1 65 Economicly active 15 Death rate males females Birth rate

Population pyramid Life expectancy Stage 2 65 Economicly active 15 Death rate males females Birth rate

Population pyramid Life expectancy Stage 3 65 Economicly active 15 Death rate males females Birth rate

Population pyramid Stage 4 Life expectancy 65 Economicly active 15 Death rate males females Birth rate

POPULATION • Dependency ratio Non economically active (children 0 -14 and elderly over 65) Economically active (working age 15 -64) 100 = dependency ratio (how many dependent for 100 working age)

POPULATION • Population trends • • • population explosion always growing LEDCs more rapidly only estimates fastest growth – Africa, Asia and Latin America • slowest growth – Europe, North America and Australasia • most population live in Asia

POPULATION • Changing population structures • Too many under 15 s – – – – stages 2 – 3 high birth rates proportion 40% work on farms infant mortality rate religion lack of education contraceptives

POPULATION • Changing population structures • Too few under 15 s – – – – approaching stage 5 natural decrease replacement rate workers technology services social care for elderly one-child policy

POPULATION • Changing population structures • Ageing population – – – increase in life expectancy standard, hygiene, health care diet, medical knowledge proportion 20% amount of money services

MIGRATION

MIGRATION Migration external internal permanent seasonal

MIGRATION Migration voluntary forced emigrants immigrants

MIGRATION • migration balance • net migration gain emigrants immingrants • net migration loss emigrants immingrants

MIGRATION • Voluntary migration • • • employment pioneers territorial expansion better climate social amenities family

MIGRATION • Forced migration • • persecution war slaves discrimination famine disasters overpopulation

MIGRATION • Refugees • • forced migration 15 million 80% developing bad conditions

MIGRATION • Economic migrants • • • voluntary assimilation labour shortage restriction ethnic minority concentration/segregation

MIGRATION Economic migrants • Differences: • Difficulties: • • • wealth education colour religion quality of environment housing education jobs discrimination crime

MIGRATION Urban-to-rural migration • Push factors: • Pull factors: • • • poor-quality housing decline of industries poorly paid jobs poor transport links pollution fewer social amenities better housing footloose industries better paid jobs better transport links better services cultural amenities

MIGRATION • Counterurbanisation • • reverse direction dormitory settlements commuter settlements suburbanised villages

MIGRATION Counterurbanisation • Which groups: • • higher income higher skills better qualified parents – young families • Reasons: • employment • housing • changed family status • environment factors • social factors

MIGRATION advantages disadvantages Losing country fewer resources decline in birth rate new skills money sent back loses working people loses people with skills manly males division of families high death rate - elderly Receiving country labour shortage unskilled jobs long hours some skilled migrants first to be unemployed bad housing segregation language, less healthy racial tension

Settlement

Settlement • Site • • • Situation • surrounding features • determines growth point local relief soil water supply resources

Settlement • Situation • • • wet-point site dry-point site building material defence fuel supply food supplies nodal points bridging points shelter and aspect

Types of settlements RURAL Isolated building Hamlet increasingly rural URBAN Village Small market town Larger industrial town City Conurbation capital city increasingly urban

Settlement patterns dispersed nucleated linear or street

functions market town mining town industrial-manufacturing ports route centres commercial cultural/religious administrative residential tourist resort

several mill. Hierarchy 1000, 100, 000 distance appart capital city 1 -2 mill. over 200 km conurbation or city 100 -200 km city 10, 000 -20, 000 50 -100 km large town several hundred 20 -50 km small town 5 -10 km village 5/6 buildings 2 -3 km hamlet numerous isolated buildings or farms 1 family 500 metres

Settlement • Hierarchy • • • population size range of services number of services sphere of influence threshold population range

Range of services Service Settlement capital goverment buildings, museums, galleries, intermational airport city shopping complex, cathedral, university, theatre, airport large town hypermarkets, bus station, hotels, banks, hospital, football team small town hall, doctor, cares, restaurants, secondary school, railway station village church, post office, shop, junior school, village hall hamlet none, public phone

Settlement • Sphere of influence hamlet village town

Settlement • Urbanisation CBD old inner city suburbia outer city

Settlement CBD • Urbanisation light manufacturing low-cost housing medium-cost housing high-class residential

Settlement • Land use and functional zones • • • land value space competition - demand age accessibility wealth of inhabitants

Settlement • Urbanisation CBC – hirgh-rise, shops, banks, offices inner city - terraced housing, 19 th cent. industry, low quality h. inner city – high-rise flats, redeveloped outer suberbs – interwar medium, postwar high-quality housing, edge of the city – green belt, greenfield, commuter villages

Settlement • Central business district • • • the oldest and most accessible limited space shops, banks and offices high-rise building shops with high profit margin and threshold population • congestion

Settlement • Old inner city • • industry in the 19 th century low-cost housing (terraced houses) high density, few amenities corner shops 1960 s – urban redevelopment and renewal social problems skilled manual workers many born outside of the UK

Settlement • suburbia • • inter-war period public and private transport medium-cost housing parades park or play areas introduction of town planning owner-occupied most non-manual and born in the UK

Settlement • Rural-urban gringe • • • 1960 s – private and city council housing high-cost housing low density free of traffic with open space skilled manual and form the UK easier access

next time – urban change and industry thanx