Concept and genetics principle of Hybridization Breeding Concept
第一节 杂交育种的概念和遗传原理 Concept and genetics principle of Hybridization Breeding 一、杂交育种的概念 Concept of Hybridization Breeding (一)杂交育种的概念 Concept of Hybridization Breeding (二)杂交育种的意义 Significance of Hybridization Breeding (三)杂交育种的分类 Classification of Hybridization Breeding 二、杂交育种的遗传原理 Genetics principle of Hybridization Breeding 章目录 下一节
第二节 亲本选择与选配 Selection and combination of parents 一、亲本选择的意义 Function of parents selection 二、亲本选择的原则 Rule of parents selection 三、亲本选配的重要性 Significance of parents combination 四、亲本选配的一般原则 General rule of parents combination 章目录 上一节 下一节
第四节 杂种后代的处理 Selection & growing of the offspring 一、杂种后代的培育 Cultivation of progeny derived from hybridization 二、系谱法 Pedigree method 三、混合法 Bulk method 四、派生方法 Derived method 五、系谱法、混合法和派生方法的比较 Comparation of pedigree method, bulk method & derived method 六、提高选择和育种效率的途径 How to enhance the efficiency of selection & breeding 章目录 上一节 下一节
第五节 杂交育种程序 Procedure of Hybridization Breeding 一、杂交育种的程序 Procedure of hybridization breeding 二、加速育种进程的方法 Methods of acceleration of the breeding progress 章目录 上一节 下一节
第六节 回交育种 Backcross Breeding 一、回交育种的概念、特点及意义 Concept, particular characteristics and significance of backcross breeding 二、回交育种的基本遗传规律 Basic genetic principle of backcross breeding 三、回交育种程序 Procedure of backcross breeding 四、回交育种的技术 Main rules & techniques in backcross breeding 章目录 上一节 下一节
第七节 营养系杂交育种 cross breeding in clonal crops 一、营养系杂交育种的特点 Comparative & particular characteristics of clonal cross breeding 二、营养系品种性状遗传变异的特点及性状遗传研究 Characteristics of inheritance & variation, research of genetic rule of clonal cultivar 三、杂交亲本的选择与选配 Selection and combination of parents for crossing 四、杂种实生苗的童期 Juvenile stage of seedling derived from sexual reproduction 五、杂种的选择 Growing, identification & selection of offspring derived from sexual reproduction 章目录 上一节 下一节
第八节 杂交育种的早代测验 early progeny test of Hybridization Breeding 一、早代测验的概念 Concept of early progeny test 二、早代测验的方法 Method of early progeny test 三、早代测验的不足之处 Limitation of early progeny test 章目录 上一节 思考题
杂交 (Hybridization / crossing) 基因型不同的生物体相互交配或结合,产生杂种的过程 有性杂交 Sexual crossing 无性杂交 Asexual crossing 远缘杂交Distant crossing –种间杂交interspecific crossing 种内杂交Intraspecific crossing –品种(系)间杂交inter-varietal crossing In this chapter: Hybridization Breeding = Cross Breeding
(二) 杂交育种的意义Significance of cross breeding 1. 适用作物最广的方法 The most widely used breeding method in present 2. 综合双亲优良性状, 并可获得超亲新性状 3. 成效最大的育种方法The most fruitful breeding method in present 2000 -2001国家区试品种育成途径 类型 杂交育种 其他途径 合计 冬小麦 69 11 80 春小麦 34 2 36
(二) 杂交育种的意义 Significance of cross breeding 4. 选育常规品种、不育系和自交系的基本方法 5. 可与其育种方法相结合应用 The combined use with other breeding methods
二、杂交育种的遗传原理 Genetics principle of Hybridization Breeding 1. 基因重组,综合双亲优良性状(碧玛 1号) Genetics recombination and integration of favorable character 2. 基因互作,产生新性状(中棉所12) Combination & interaction of genes / alleles, developing novel character 3. 基因累加,产生超亲性状(数量性状) Accumulation of favorable alleles (minor poly-genes), transgression breeding
二、亲本选择的原则 • 1、从大量种质资源中精选亲本(海选) A number of source materials (germplasm) • 2、明确目标性状,突出研究重点 • 目标性状要具体,要从遗传简单的构成性状入手 Obvious desirable characters • 3、重视选用当地推广品种(适应性强;适合当地消费习惯) Local popularized varieties • 4、考虑亲本性状的遗传规律 Genetics rule of the targeted traits: quantitative trait / qualitative trait; single-locus / multilocus; homozygous / heterozygous; dominant / recessive; heritability • 5、注意利用中间材料、品系、杂交早代材料作为亲本,不必 局限于尚处于原始状态的材料
一、杂种后代的培育(原则) Cultivation of the offspring produced hybridization n 保证杂种后代正常发育以供选择:注意提高种子的出苗率和 成苗率;创造最适的培育条件 Assurance of the offspring for normal growth n 培育条件要均匀一致 Uniformity of cultivation & management n 培育环境要符合杂种性状的发育规律:如逆境抗耐性的鉴定 需要相应的环境条件。 Appropriate conditions for identification of special characters (i. e. disease/stress resistance)
Procedure of Pedigree Method F 0 Parents Selection of parents, Crossing F 1 Hybrid Selection of Combinations F 2 Population F 3 Families (plant-rows) F 4 Families groups, Stable lines F 5 -6 Stable lines, Plant rows, Yield test F 7 -10 Stable lines, Yield trials Big segregation, Selection of desirable single plants Plant-row test, Selection of superior plants in superior rows Similar to work in F 3 Mainly yield tests, identifying for superior lines Replicated yield trials, regional trials, productive trials
5、系谱法后代的系谱的表示方法 组合代号-F 1选株号-F 2选株号-…. Fn选株号 (可用年份+组合号) 如: 99(2)-1 -5 -12 -1 -… 相关概念: • 株系(系统): F 3 family derived from F 2 plant (plant row) • 株系群(系统群): F 4 families derived from F 3 family, which derived from F 2 plant • 姊妹系: Any pairwise families in F 4 families • 品系: line, strain (genetics, irregistration, homogeneous, homozygous) • 品种: cultivar (economic, registration, homogeneous or heterogeneous, homozygous or heterozygous)
6、影响各世代选择效果的因素 The basis and effect of selection in different generations (1)性状的遗传力(h 2)与选择效果(inheritability of trait) A. 不同性状在同一世代的h 2不同 B. 同一性状在不同世代的h 2不同 C. 同一性状在同一世代, 单株表现的h 2与群体表现的h 2不同 例 Trait of high h 2: Select in earlier generations Trait of low h 2: Select in later generations Individual and family (line) performance (2)鉴定的可靠性与选择效果(reliability of identification) A. 试验地的均匀一致性 B. 田间播种及管理的一致性 C. 测试测定的正确性 Field evaluation plus indoor evaluation (Combined selection)
Outline of the procedure of bulk method n n n n Bulk sowing of F 2 – F 4… Removal of the evident inferior individuals Bulk harvest of seeds for next generation Selection in basically stable populations (F 5 – F 8) Individual selection for one or two generations The best line for yield trials New cultivar for release
(三)系谱法 vs 混合法 [比较] 1. 开始选择的世代差异; 2. 对单基因与多基因性状选择效果的 差异; 3. 作量与育种年限差异等 1) Pedigree selection • • • Early selection (F 2); earlier concentrated on fewer superior plant lines Clear pedigree history in each selected family (line), breeding experience Save time (Shorter breeding term) Facilitate improvement of qualitative traits or highly inheritable traits High probability of lost of desirable genes; Hard field work 2) Bulk Selection • • • Bulk growing Selection in later generations, less work in field Facilitate improvement of quantitative traits and lowly inheritable traits, easy to pyramid (accumulate) poly-genes No pedigree records for resulted lines Affection of natural selection time-consuming (Long term of breeding)
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